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BDS2. SEM2 - Cancer > Introduction to Benign and Malignant Disease > Flashcards

Introduction to Benign and Malignant Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Cell proliferation in adult tissues?

A

In adult tissues size of the cell population is determined by the rates of cell proliferation, differentiation and death by apoptosis

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2
Q

What can cell numbers be altered by?

A
  • By increased or decreases rates of stem cell input.
  • By cell death due to apoptosis
  • By changes in the rate of proliferation or differentiation
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3
Q

What is the key to regeneration of a cell population?

A

Control of the cell cycle

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4
Q

Growth of cell can result from..

A
  • Shortening cell cycle time

- Recruiting cell from resting or quiescent population

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5
Q

How many stages in cell division and what are they?

A 
4 stages:
1- G1
2- S
3- G2
4- M
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6
Q

What happens in stage G0?

A

Cells are quiescent

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7
Q

What is the principle task of cell division cycle?

A

Replicate DNA and segregate the duplicated chromosomal DNA equally to two daughter cells

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8
Q

Why do cell enter the division cycle?

A

It is in response to growth stimulation - commitment and restriction in G1

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9
Q

S phase must be completed before what?

A

Before mitosis begins and vice versa - mechanisms for monitoring progress

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10
Q

What occurs in the checkpoints?

A

Replication of damaged DNA or segregation of chromosomes must not occur

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11
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death

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12
Q

Inhibitors of apoptosis?

A
  • Growth factors
  • Cell matrix components
  • Viral proteins
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13
Q

Inducers of apoptosis?

A
  • Withdrawal of growth factors
  • Loss of matrix attachment
  • Viruses
  • Free radicals
  • Ionising radiation
  • DNA damage
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14
Q

Molecular mediator and regulators of apoptosis?

A
  • Extrinsic pathway
  • Intrinsic pathway
  • Caspases - cascade
  • p53
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15
Q

Extrinsic pathway..

A

Death receptors eg CD95/F as ligand

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16
Q

Intrinsic pathway..

A
  • Increased mitochondrial permeability
  • Bcl-2 family
  • Can induce or inhibit
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17
Q

Increased apoptosis include:

A
  • AIDS
  • Neurodegenerative disorders
  • Reprefusion innjury
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18
Q

Decreased apoptosis include:

A
  • Neoplasia

- Auto-immune disease

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19
Q

Disorders of growth and neoplasis…

A
  • Hypertrophy
  • Hyperplasia
  • Atrophy
  • Hypoplasia
  • Metaplasia
  • Dysplasia
  • Neoplasia
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20
Q

What is hypertrophy? and which muscles are related to it?

A
  • An increase in cell size. It is physiological and pathological

Muscles:

  • Skeletal
  • Cardiac
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21
Q

What is hyperplasia? and which organs are related to it?

A
  • An increase in cell number. It is physiological and pathological.
    Enlargement of gingival tissues.

Hormonally sensitive organs:

  • Endometrium
  • Breast
  • Thyroid
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22
Q

What is atrophy?

A
  • Reduction in cell size by loss of cell substances.
    It is physiological (thyroglossal duct) and pathological.
  • Ageing
  • Lack of use: Mehcanical or functional
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23
Q

What is hypoplasia?

A
  • Reduced size of an organ that never fully developed to normal size

A developmental defect - eg. Pulmonary hypoplasia

24
Q

What is Metaplasia?

A
  • Reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type

Reprogramming of stem cells - eg. Barrett’s oesophagus, Bronchus, Salivary duct

25
Q

What can Metaplasia affect?

A

Affect the mesenchymal tissues

26
Q

What is dysplasia “Abnormal growth”?

A

A pre-malignant process and can be identified in many tissues eg. Epithelia.

27
Q

Degrees of dysplasia?

A
  • Mild
  • Moderate
  • Severe (carcinoma in situ)

The more severe = risk of progressing to invasive malignancy

28
Q

What is neoplasia “New growth” result from?

A

Aberration of normal mechanisms that control cell number

eg:
- Cell production by cell division
- Cell loss by apoptosis

29
Q

What are the classification of tumours?

A
  • Behaviour

- Histogenesis

30
Q

Behaviour tumour is split into:

A

1- Benign

2- Malignant

31
Q

What are the growth pattern of benign tumour?

A
  • Expand and remain localised.
  • Typically well-circumscribed
  • Often encapsulated
32
Q

What is the growth rate of benign tumour?

A

Slow

33
Q

What is the clinical effects of benign tumour?

A

Local pressure effects; hormone secretions

34
Q

What is the treatment of benign tumour?

A

Local excision

35
Q

What is Pleomorphic Adenoma?

A

A benign salivary gland neoplasm

36
Q

Histology of benign tumour?

A

Resembles tissue of origin

37
Q

Nuclei of benign tumour?

A

Small, regular and uniform

38
Q

Mitoses of benign tumour?

A

Few and normal

39
Q

What is the growth pattern of malignant tumours?

A

Infiltrate locally and metastasize

40
Q

What is the growth rate of malignant tumour?

A

Fast

41
Q

What is the clinical effects of malignant tumour?

A
  • Local pressure and destruction.
  • Inappropriate hormone secretion
  • Distant metastases
42
Q

What is the treatment of malignant tumour?

A
  • Excision with or without the additional therapy
43
Q

Histology of malignant tumour?

A

Variable, many differ from tissue of origin

44
Q

Nuclei of malignant tumour?

A

Large and pleomorphic (inconsistent)

45
Q

Mitoses of malignant tumour?

A

Increased, often numerous and abnormal forms

46
Q

Benign and malignant of tissue covering epithelia

A

Benign: Papilloma
Malignant: Carcinoma

47
Q

Benign and malignant of tissue Glandular epithelia

A

Benign: Adenoma
Malignant: Adenocarcinoma

48
Q

Why do tumour types matter?

A

Tumour types behave in different ways and therefore the treatment would differ.

49
Q

Define carcinoma

A

A cancer arising in the epithelial tissue of the skin or of the lining of the internal organs.

50
Q

Define sarcoma

A

a malignant tumour of connective or other non-epithelial tissue

51
Q

What do tumour type influence?

A

It influences how patients are investigated, treated and monitored

52
Q

Aggressive vs indolent tumours?

A

Aggressive tumours:

  • May need to treat before tissue diagnosis
  • Risk: benefit to consider at all times
  • Aggressive therapy may be necessary and risk are justifiable
  • Sometimes appropriate to avoid early active treatment
53
Q

What does the prognosis of tumour grade depend on?

A

Depends on the differentiation of tumour.

The more differentiated the tumour - tend to have better prognosis

54
Q

Tumour stages..

A

TNM system

T = greatest diameter of tumour, structures invaded
N = regional lymph node status
M = distant metastasis
55
Q

High tumour stage results in…

A

Poor prognosis

BDS2. SEM2 - Cancer (3 decks)

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