Introduction To Behavior Modification Flashcards
What is behavior?
An action, either overt or covert, that is measurable, observable, and in response to a stimulus
What is a response?
An instance of a behavior
What is a response class?
A group of behaviors will produce the same consequence.
What is a repertoire?
The collection of all behaviours a person can perform
What is the Dead Man’s Test?
A maxim in which asserts that nothing a deceased person can do qualifies as behavior.
What is a behavioral excess?
An undesirable behavior that someone wishes to decrease
What is a target behavior?
A behavior that will be subject to modification
What is a behavioral goal?
Intended change to the target behavior.
What is an outcome goal?
The motivation behind the behavioral goal; abstract result that one wishes to attain. Often socially significant, and/or related to client’s well being.
What is a behavioural deficit?
A desirable behaviour that someone wishes to increase
What is behaviour modification?
The science and practice of analyzing and modifying behaviour
What is behaviourism?
The guiding philosophy behind behaviour modification, and the science of behaviour
What is experimental analysis of behaviour (EAB)?
Basic study of behaviour and its functional relationship with the environment
What does the text mean when it states that behaviour is “lawful”? (Miltenberger, 2016).
It has a direct and functional relationship with the environment, and can be systematically influenced by environmental events
What is Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)?
Using knowledge about human behavior to reduce socially undesirable behaviors and/or increase desirable ones
Who discovered respondent conditioning (the conditioning of a reflex to a neutral stimulus)?
Pavlov
What is Thorndike’s Law of Effect?
A behaviour that produces a desirable effect on the environment is more likely to be repeated.
What is methodological behaviourism, and to whom is it attributable?
The study of external behaviour alone, with no interest paid to internal or mental events. Watson.
What is radical behaviourism, and to whom is it attributable?
The study of both overt (external) behaviours, and covert (internal) behaviours. Skinner.
What is the S-R-S model / Three-Term Contingency / ABCs of behaviour?
Antecedent stimulus –> Behaviour –> Consequence
Who developed the concept of operant conditioning?
Skinner
Why is the Behaviour Research and Therapy journal important?
First scientific journal dedicated to behaviourism (1963)
Why is “Case Studies in Behaviour Modification” by Ullman and Krasner important?
First book ever published to have “behaviour modification” in the title (1965)
Why is the Journal of Applied Behaviour Analysis important?
First journal dedicated to ABA (1968)
What is the Screening) or intake phase)?
The phase to obtain client demographic information, and reasons for seeking assistance
What is the Preprogram Assessment Phase (or Baseline Phase)?
The phase to define and measure initial “baseline” level for behavior
What is the Treatment Phase?
The phase to actively apply training, intervention, or treatment program
What is frequency?
The number of responses in a given period of time
What is duration?
The length of a behavior
What is latency?
The time between an antecedent stimulus or event, and the onset of a behavior
What is intensity?
It assesses the strength of behavior, often with a rating scale
What is quality?
Often arbitrary judgement of social value, and may use a rating scale
What is an Operational Definition?
A precise, objective definition of a term by specifying the operations the researcher or made to measure it
What is a natural setting of behavior observation?
Setting that is part of the client’s everyday life, in which the behavior typically occurs
What is an analogue setting of behavior observation?
Setting that is simulated and controlled, and made to mimic a natural setting for the purpose of observing behavior
What is unstructured observation?
When the observer observes behaviour without presenting any events, activities, or instructions
What is reactivity?
When a behavior changes due to the fact that it’s being observed and recorded.
What are two ways that reactivity can be reduced?
1) Allowing the client time to become accustomed to the observation
2) Observing the behavior when the client doesn’t know they’re being observed
What is unstructured observation?
When the observer observes behavior without presenting any events, activities, or instructions
What is structured observation?
When the observer presents certain instructions, events, or activities to observe the behavior in those contexts
What is continuous recording?
Recording every instance of behavior throughout the observation period.
What is partial-interval recording?
Dividing an observation period into successive intervals, and recording whether or not a behavior takes place in each interval.
What is whole interval-recording?
Dividing an observation period into successive intervals, and only counting a behavior if it endured throughout the entire interval.
What is time sample recording?
Dividing the observation period into intervals of time, but only recording the behavior during part of each interval
What is inter-observer agreement / inter-observer reliability?
The rate at which two trained observers, based on the same behavioral definition, will agree whether a behavior occurred or not. A strong behavioral definition will have high IOA / IOR (>90%)
True or false: behaviour modification also uses theoretical constructs like personality traits to understand behaviour
False
True or false: internal states and incentives, (such as sadness, hunger, etc), are important considerations in behavior modification, and are acceptable to include in a behavioral definition
False
