Introduction to Autonomic Pharm Flashcards
What is some of the main processes regulated by the ANS
- Contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle
- All exocrine and certain endocrine secretions
- The heartbeat
- Certain steps in intermediary metabolism.
What are the effects of stimulation of the sympathetic system?
- Increase in heart rate and blood pressure
- Mobilization of energy stores (glycogen and fat)
- Diversion of blood from skin and internal organs: Increase in blood flow to skeletal muscles and heart
- Dilation of pupils
- Dilation of bronchioles
What are the main functions of the parasympatheic system?
- Maintains essential bodily functions: digestive processes, elimination of wastes.
- Usually acts to oppose or balance the actions of the sympathetic system.
- It is generally dominant over the sympathetic system in rest and digest situations.
What are CHOLINERGIC FIBERS and where do they release their effects?
- Synthesize and release acetylcholine:
- All preganglionic efferent autonomic fibers.
- All parasympathetic postganglionic fibers.
- All somatic motor fibers to skeletal muscle.
What are ADRENERGIC FIBERS?
Synthesize and release norepinephrine.
• Most postganglionic sympathetic fibers are adrenergic.
What are the main exceptions of ADRENERGIC FIBERS?
- The sympathetic fibers supplying the sweat glands release acetylcholine.
- The adrenal medulla releases epinephrine and norepinephrine.
- Dopamine is released by some sympathetic fibers.
What is the mechanism behind CHOLINERGIC TRANSMISSION
What is the adrenergic transmission?
What are the functions/subtypes of NICOTINIC RECEPTORS
- Nicotinic receptors fall into two classes that require ACH:
- Muscle type (Nm) • Neuronal type (Nn)
- Muscle nicotinic receptors are found at the skeletal neuromuscular junction (NMJ).
- Neuronal nicotinic receptors are found in autonomic ganglia and in the brain.
Where are muscarinic receptors located?
- On the plasma membranes of cells in the CNS
- In organs innervated by parasympathetic nerves
- On some tissues that are not innervated by these nerves, e.g., endothelial cells
- On tissues innervated by cholinergic postganglionic sympathetic nerves
What are the 3 subtypes of muscarinic receptors, what is there signals, locations, and effects?
What are endothelial receptors and how to they illict their effect?
- There are uninnervated M3 receptors on the endothelial cells that line blood vessels.
- These endothelial cells contain NO synthase.
- NO synthase catalyzes formation of NO from arginine.
- Activation of endothelial M3 receptors leads to a rise in intracellular calcium.
- Calcium activates NO synthase, leading to formation of NO.
- NO diffuses from the endothelial cells into the adjacent smooth muscle cells in the blood vessel
- cGMP activates cGMP-dependent protein kinase, which phosphorylates proteins leading to relaxation of the smooth muscle wall, resulting in vasodilation.
What 3 B-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS? What is their signaling, location and effect?
B1
What 3 B-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS? What is their signaling, location and effect?
B2
What is the effect of a1 -ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS? what is the signaling, location, and effect?
What is the effect of a2 -ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS? what is the signaling, location, and effect?
What is the signaling,location, and effect of DOPAMINERGIC RECEPTORS
What receptor predominates where?
