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LCRS Pharmacology and Therapeutics > Introduction to autonomic nervous system > Flashcards

Introduction to autonomic nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three principal efferent outputs from the central nervous system?

A

Autonomic nervous system
Somatic nervous system
Neuroendocrine system

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2
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system involved with?

A

Exocrine glands, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, metabolism and host defence

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3
Q

What is the somatic nervous system involved with?

A

Skeletal muscle including diaphragm and respiratory muscle

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4
Q

What is the neuroendocrine system involved with?

A

Growth, metabolism, reproduction, development, salt and water balance and host defence

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5
Q

What are the two branches of the autonomic nervous system and what are they involved in?

A

Sympathetic- fight or flight

Parasympathetic- rest and digest

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6
Q

What effect does the sympathetic have on the eye?

A

Pupil dilatation

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7
Q

What effect does the sympathetic have on the trachea and bronchioles?

A

Dilates

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8
Q

What effect does the sympathetic have on the liver?

A

Increases glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

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9
Q

What effect does sympathetic have on adipose?

A

Lipolysis

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10
Q

What effect does sympathetic have on kidney?

A

Increased renin secretion

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11
Q

What effect does sympathetic have on ureters and bladder?

A

Relaxes detrusor and constricts trigone and sphincter

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12
Q

What effect does the sympathetic have on the salivary glands?

A

Causes thick viscous secretions

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13
Q

What effect does the sympathetic have on the skin?

A

Piloerection and increased sweating

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14
Q

What effect does the sympathetic have on the heart?

A

Increase in rate and contractility

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15
Q

What effect does the sympathetic have on the GI tract?

A

Decreased motility and sphincter contraction

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16
Q

What effect does the sympathetic have on blood vessels?

A

Skeletal muscle- dilatation

Skin, mucous membranes and splanchnic area- constriction

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17
Q

What effect does the parasympathetic have on the eye?

A

Pupil constriction and ciliary muscle contraction

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18
Q

What effect does parasympathetic have on trachea and bronchioles?

A

Constriction

19
Q

What effect does parasympathetic have on ureters and bladder?

A

Contraction of detrusor and relaxation of trigone and sphincter

20
Q

What effect does parasympathetic have on salivary glands?

A

Copious watery secretions

21
Q

What effect doe parasympathetic have on gastrointestinal?

A

Increases motility and tone and secretions

22
Q

Where do all parasympathetic nerves originate?

A

In the craniosacral region

23
Q

What are their pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic fibres like in terms of length?

A

They project a long way out to the tissue- long pre-ganglionic and short post-ganglionic

24
Q

What effect does the length of the pre and post ganglionic fibres have?

A

Parasympathetic has a discrete localised response with little divergence

25
Q

What neurotransmitters are involved with parasympathetic?

A

Always acetylcholine

26
Q

Where do sympathetic nerves originate?

A

Thoracic and lumbar regions

27
Q

What are their pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic fibres like in terms of length?

A

Short pre and long post

28
Q

What neurotransmitters are normally involved in sympathetic?

A

Acetylcholine is released by pre-ganglionic and noradrenaline is released by post-ganglionic

29
Q

What organs are different and why?

A

The adrenal gland- only has one autonomic fibre innervating it which behaves like a post-ganglionic because it releases adrenaline and noradrenaline
Sweat glands- same as parasympathetic (both acetylcholine)

30
Q

How does the enteric nervous system work?

A

The sensory neurone is connected to mucosal chemoreceptors and stretch receptors which detect chemical substances in the lumen or tension in the gut wall caused by food
Interneurones relay information to the submucosal and myenteric plexus
Motor neurones then release acetylcholine or substance P to contract smooth muscle or vasoactive intestinal peptide or nitric oxide to relax smooth muscle

31
Q

What two types of membrane bound receptors does acetylcholine bind to?

A

Muscarinic and nicotinic

32
Q

What is a nicotinic receptor?

A

Ion-channel linked receptor (type 1) stimulated by nicotine and acetylcholine

33
Q

What is a muscarinic receptor?

A

G protein coupled receptor (type 2) stimulated by muscarine and acetylcholine

34
Q

Where are nicotinic receptors found?

A

At all autonomic ganglia

35
Q

Where are muscarinic receptors found?

A

At all effector organs innervated by post ganglionic parasympathetic fibres

36
Q

What would blockage of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors lead to?

A

Constipation

37
Q

What are the 5 subtypes of muscarinic cholinoceptors?

A

M1- Neural (Forebrain- learning and memory)
M2- Cardiac (Brain- inhibitory autoreceptors)
M3- Exocrine and smooth muscle (Hypothalamus- food intake)
M4- Periphery
M5- Striatal dopamine release

38
Q

What are the 4 types of adrenoceptor?

A

Alpha 1
Alpha 2
Beta 1
Beta 2

39
Q

Where are adrenoceptors found?

A

At all effector organs innervated by post ganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres

40
Q

What is acetylcholine is formed by?

A

Acetyl-coA and choline

41
Q

What is acetylcholine broken down by and into what?

A

Acetylcholinesterase and broken down into choline and acetate

42
Q

How is noradrenaline formed?

A

Tyrosine is converted to DOPA by tyrosine hydroxylase
DOPA is converted to dopamine by DOPA decarboxylase
Dopamine is packaged into vesicles then converted to noradrenaline by dopamine beta hydroxylase

43
Q

How is noradrenaline broken down?

A

Not in the synapse
Uptake 1- back into neuronal tissue
Uptake 2- into extra-neuronal tissue
Once it has been taken up, it is broken down by:
Monoamine oxidase (MAO)- mainly in neuronal tissue
Catechol-O-Methyl Transferase (COMT)- mainly in extra neuronal tissue

LCRS Pharmacology and Therapeutics (33 decks)

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