Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharm 2 > Introduction to Anesthesia > Flashcards

Introduction to Anesthesia Flashcards

1
Q

Anesthesia definition

A

Artificially induced loss of ability to feel pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

General anesthesia definition

A

a drug induced loss of consciousness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Are patients under general anesthesia arousable by painful stimulation?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is regional anesthesia?

A

Insensibility cause by interrupting the sensory nerve conduction of a particular region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Does regional anesthesia affect LOC or airway?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Name three types of regional anesthesia.

A

Peripheral, spinal, epidural

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are three levels of sedation we can do?

A

Minimal, Moderate, deep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Minimal sedation
Responsiveness, airway, ventilation, CV function?

A

Responsive to verbal commands, everything else unaffected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Moderate
Responsiveness, airway, ventilation, CV function?

A

Responsiveness: to verbal/touch
airway assistance not needed
Spontaneous ventilation is adequate
CV function is maintained

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Deep sedation
Responsiveness, airway, ventilation, CV function?

A

Responsive after repeated painful stimuli
airway assistance may be required
Spontaneous ventilation possibly inadequate
CV function usually maintained

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Who wrote the Materia Medica and how many volumes of it were there? How many medical properties?

A

Dioscorides (surgeon in nero’s army)
5 volumes
360 medical properties

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

anesthesia during the days of Hippocrates

A

Accommodate the surgeon, avoid sinking down and turning away

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Madragora (mandrake) and wine

A

Had hallucinogenic properties, interestingly human shaped and thought to have magical properties

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is it called when a substance is put on a sponge and then inhaled?

A

soporific

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What was a reversal to soporific mentioned in lecture?

A

Vinegar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What was the first true inhalant agent that we know of? what was it made of?

A

Diethyl ether
made of sulfuric acid and ethyl alcohol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Who discovered diethyl ether?

A

Valerius Cordus, a german botanist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Diethyl ether became a recreational drug, why?

A

Whiskey was expensive d/t tax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What was an interesting property of diethyl ether?

A

it explodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Why did inhalation agents start before IV?

A

Because IV’s had not been discovered!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Who created the first IV? and what was it made out of? Who did they test it on?

A

Christopher Wren and Robert Boyle
made of goose quill and bladder, gave alcohol to a dog

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Who discovered oxygen and nitrous oxide? he also discovered photosynthesis

A

Joseph Priestly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Who discovered electrolytes and suggested NO be used for surgical pain relief? Why wasn’t his discovery appreciated?

A

Humphry David, not apprecieated because it didn’t stop movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What was the name of the dentist who realized people under the influence of Nitrous Oxide had no recall of pain/injury?

A

Horace Wells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Why was it an issue that NO was just administered with just air?

A

Were they just becoming hypoxic or was it true anesthesia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Who was the first person to routinely give nitrous oxide with oxygen?

A

Andrews in chicago

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Who developed the first anesthesia machine where we could give nitrous and oxygen together?

A

Hewitt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What surgeon used ether on a patient with two vascular neck tumors?

A

Crawford Long

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

A dentist that used Ether as the anesthesia for denture fittings

A

William Morton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What happened in 1846 that was significant?

A

The first successful demonstration with ether. Within 60 days it was used in England

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Who developed the process for purifying Ether?

A

Dr. Robinson Squibb, he founded Squibb pharmaceuticals and became the leading manufacturer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the disadvantages of ether?

A

Flammable
Prolonged induction
unpleasant persistent odor
High incidence of N/V

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

This obstetrician from Scotland defined pain and used Chloroform.
How did he define pain?

A

Sir James Simpson
Actual or potential tissue damage

34
Q

Who advocated for chloroform use in obstetrics and also used Genesis 2:21 to back up his work against religious organizations?

A

Sir James Simpson

35
Q

Who gave Queen Victoria chloroform for the births of both of her children?

A

Dr. John Snow

36
Q

What did 1888 Hyderabad commission say about chloroform and deaths of healthy people? What about in 1891?

A

They felt it was due to poor skills on the part of the anesthetists in 1888.
In 1891 they realized it could be the drug causing respiratory and cardiac arrest

37
Q

Who realized that chloroform was causing delayed chloroform hepatotoxicity in children?

A

Gunthrie

38
Q

Who found that light chloroform anesthesia and the increase in adrenaline was fatal in animals?

A

Levy

39
Q

What Viennese ophthamologist used Cocaine for eye surgery?

A

Dr. Koller

40
Q

Who did the 1st regional nerve block with cocaine on a mandible?

A

Dr. Halsted

41
Q

Who did the first spinal Anesthetic with cocaine and what procedure did he develop?

A

Dr. August Bier, he developed the Bier Block

42
Q

Who was the first nurse Anesthetist?

A

Sister Mary Bernard

43
Q

Who is the mother of anesthesia and what significant accomplish did she make?

A

Alice Magaw, she did 14,000 open ether drop cases without a single death

44
Q

What nurse anesthetist Opened one of the first nurse anesthesia schools, founded the AANA, and developed nitrous/ oxygen techniques?

A

Agatha Hodgins

45
Q

What was a problem with cyclopropane?

A

It was violently explosive

46
Q

Issues with halothane?

A

Hepatitis and slow onset

47
Q

Benefits of isoflurane?

A

Relatively safe, less N/V, and quicker onset than halothane
But its not great for out patient surgery because of slow offset.

48
Q

Which volatile anesthetic is the most rapid onset and offset?

A

Desflurane, it has rapid uptake and distribution

49
Q

Which volatile anesthetic has a high vapor pressure?

A

Desflurane

50
Q

Who is Edmund Egar?

A

He did a lot of experimentation with volatile anesthetics. He also came up with MAC (minimal alveolar concentration) which is the dose of volatile anesthetic that you give.

51
Q

What is the name for the dose of a volatile anesthetic?

A

Minimal Alveolar Concentration (MAC)

52
Q

Which volatile anesthetic requires A large quantity to achieve anesthesia? What does this mean about cost?

A

Desflurane, it requires a lot so have to buy more which means overall cost is higher

53
Q

What is the intermediate acting volatile anesthetic?

A

Sevoflurane

54
Q

Which volatile anesthetic is unstable in soda lime and causes toxic degradation products?

A

Sevoflurane

55
Q

From oldest to newest name the volatile anesthetics.

A

cyclopropane
halothane
Isoflurane
Desflurane
Sevoflurane

56
Q

What is the Anesthesia Triad?

A

Analgesia, amnesia, muscle relaxation

57
Q

How do drugs cause amnesia?

A

By either stimulating inhibitory transmissions through acetylcholine or by inhibiting stimulatory transmissions by the us of GABA

58
Q

What are todays common analgesics?

A

Narcotics
COX inhibitors
Gabapentin (pregabalin)
Acetaminophen
Peripheral nerve blocks

59
Q

What was the original muscle relaxant?

A

Curare

60
Q

What benefits do muscle relaxers have?

A

They decreased the amount of anesthesia used due to relaxation and also decreased mortality rates

61
Q

What is the balanced anesthesia or “stress free” anesthesia model?

A

Muscle relaxation, amnesia, and analgesia to maintain HOMEOSTASIS of the body.

62
Q

Who discovered that if the surgery took less than 20 minutes they had a better chance at survival

A

Dr. Liston

63
Q

Who had 3 deaths from one operation?

A

Dr. Liston

64
Q

Who was one of forerunners of preimptive anesthesia and was also known for light nitrous/oxygen anesthesia?

A

George Crile, preimptive anesthesia was giving lidocaine at the surgical site before making first incision.

65
Q

Who was a person who did regional blocks prior to emergence from ether and also was credited with early anesthetic record development?

A

Harvey Cushing

66
Q

What is neurolept anesthesia? And what were its problems?

A

Giving opioids, antipsychotics, and nitrous which blocked autonomic and endocrine response to stress.
Issue was that there was high incidence of awareness, dysphoria and extrapyramidal movements

67
Q

What are the phases of anesthesia?

A

-preop period
-induction of anesthesia
-maintenance of anesthesia
- emergence from anesthesia
-Postop period

68
Q

Who made a reference chart about how patients progressed through different stages of anesthesia?

A

Dr. Guedel

69
Q

At what stage do you lose all occular movements?

A

Stage 3, plane 2

70
Q

Stage 1 of anesthesia

A

Beginning of induction of general anesthesia to loss of conciousness

71
Q

Stage 1, plane 1

A

no amnesia or analgesia

72
Q

Stage 1 plane 2

A

Amnestic but only partially analgesic

73
Q

stage 1 plane 3

A

complete analgesia and amnesia

74
Q

stage 2

A

Loss of consciousness to onset of automatic breathing

75
Q

What happens in stage two? what is significant about this?

A

eyelash reflex disappears, coughing vomiting struggling may occur, irregular respirations with breath holding.
DO NOT EXTUBATE DURING THIS STAGE! ASPIRATION RISK

76
Q

Stage 3

A

Onset of automatic respiration to respiratory paralysis (surgical plane)

77
Q

Stage 3 plane 1

A

automatic respiration to cessation of eyeball movements

78
Q

stage 3 plane 2

A

cessation of eyeball movements to beginning of intercostal muscle paralysis; secretion of tears increases

79
Q

Stage 3, plane 3

A

beginning to completion of intercostal muscle paralysis; pupils dilate; desired plane prior to muscle relaxants

80
Q

Stage 3, plane 4

A

: beginning to completion of intercostal muscle paralysis; pupils dilate; desired plane prior to muscle relaxants

81
Q

Stage 4

A

respirations stop til death

Pharm 2 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions