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Anatomy & Physiology > Introduction To Anatomy & Physiology > Flashcards

Introduction To Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

0
Q

What is physiology?

A

Physiology is the study of how the body functions.

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1
Q

What is anatomy?

A

Anatomy is the study of the structure of the animal body and the relationship among its parts.

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2
Q

Define microscopic anatomy.

A

The study of cells and tissues that require a microscope to visualize.

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3
Q

Define macroscopic anatomy.

A

The study of structures that can be seen without a microscope and is also referred to as gross anatomy.

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4
Q

The _____ plane divides the animal down the center into equal left and right halves. Also known as a midsagittal plane.

A

Median

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5
Q

The _____ plane runs the length of the body and divides the body parallel to the median plane into left and right parts that are not necessarily equal.

A

Sagittal

**A body can have multiple sagittal planes on the right and left sides.

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6
Q

Dorsal plane

A

Perpendicular to the median plane. Divides the body into two parts, one containing the belly, the other containing the back.

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7
Q

Transverse plane

A

Lies perpendicular (at a right angle) to both the median plane and the dorsal plane. Divides the body into two sections - one containing the head and the other the tail.

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8
Q

Cranial

A

Toward the head

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9
Q

Caudal

A

Toward the tail end

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10
Q

Rostral

A

Refers to parts of the head that are closer to the tip of the nose.

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11
Q

Dorsal

A

Closer to the back or spine.

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12
Q

Ventral

A

The opposite of dorsal; nearer to the side of the animal that is closest to the ground. Toward the belly.

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13
Q

Lateral

A

A position farther away from the median plane (toward the side - either left or right).

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14
Q

Medial

A

A position closer to the median plane (which goes through the spine/center of the body).

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15
Q

Anterior

A

In front of or in the forward part of an organ (i.e. The side you see when you stand face to face with an animal.)

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16
Q

Posterior

A

The opposite of anterior; it refers to a position or surface toward the rear of the animal.

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17
Q

Proximal

A

Refers to a body part’s being closer to the main portion of the body. Closer to the origin of flow.

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18
Q

Distal

A

Describes a body part that’s placed farther out from the main portion of the body. Closer to the destination of flow.

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19
Q

Superficial

A

Refers to a position that’s located toward the surface of a structure.

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20
Q

Deep

A

Refers to a position located toward the center of a structure.

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21
Q

Orad

A

Refers to movement within the gastrointestinal system in the direction of the mouth. ➡️

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22
Q

Aborad

A

Motion in the direction away from the mouth.

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23
Q

Bilateral symmetry

A

The organism’s left and right halves are approximate mirror images of each other.

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24
Q

Radial symmetry

A

The axis of symmetry is around a central point.

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25
Q

The dorsal body cavity contains…

A

The central nervous system and is subdivided into the cranial cavity and a spinal cavity.

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26
Q

The cranial cavity is formed from…

A

The bones of the skull and contains the brain.

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27
Q

The spinal cavity is formed from…

A

The vertebra and contains the spinal chord.

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28
Q

The ventral body cavity contains…

A

Two compartments, the thorax and the abdomen separated by the diaphragm.

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29
Q

The thoracic cavity contains…

A

The heart ❤️, lungs, and esophagus. Also known as the pleural cavity.

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30
Q

Pleura

A

A thin membrane that covers the thorax and the organs within it.

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31
Q

The abdominal cavity contains…

A

All the organs of the reproductive and urinary systems as well as the stomach and intestinal tract. Also known as the peritoneal cavity.

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32
Q

Peritoneum

A

A membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and the organs it contains.

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33
Q

Common characteristics all mammals have.

A
  • hair
  • mammary glands that secrete milk
  • four-chambered heart
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34
Q

Organs are composed of…

A

Groups of tissues that have a common function and work together.

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35
Q

Organ systems consist of…

A

Groups of organs with related functions that interact.

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36
Q

Myocytes

A

Muscle cells

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37
Q

Enterocytes

A

The cells inside the intestinal tract.

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38
Q

Epithelial tissue

A
  • Consists of sheets of cells that cover all of the internal and external surfaces of the body and line all of the body’s cavities.
  • Serves to absorb or secrete substances and provide sensory input to other body tissues
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39
Q

Cell junctions

A
  • Connect the cells of the epithelium

* Three types: tight junctions, adhering junctions, and gap junctions

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40
Q

Tight junctions

A

Prevent substances from leaking across the tissue

41
Q

Adhering junctions

A

Cement neighboring cells together

42
Q

Gap junctions

A

Open channels between the cytoplasm of adjoining cells

43
Q

Microvilli serve to…

A

Increase the surface area of the cell and enhance the cell’s ability to absorb or secrete. They are common in the digestive and urinary tracts.

44
Q

Cilia serve to…

A

Aid in transport of material. Hairlike projections found in the respiratory and urogenital tracts.

45
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Secrete products into ducts.

46
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Secrete products directly into the blood and lymph vessels.

47
Q

Secretions

A

Specialized protein molecules that are produced in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, packaged into granules by the Golgi apparatus, and discharged from the cell.

48
Q

Multicellular exocrine gland classifications:

A
  • Shape of secreting duct (branched or unbeanched)
  • Shape of their secretory portion (tubular, acinar, or tubuloacinar)
  • Manner in which the secretion is released (merocrine, apocrine, or holocrine)
  • Type of secretion (mucoid or serous)
49
Q

Serous

A
  • Watery and contains a high concentration of enzymes

* reduces friction between the cavities and organs

50
Q

Mucous

A
  • Thick, viscous, and composed of glycoproteins.
  • Contains water, electrolytes, antibodies, and the protein mucin.
  • Functions to reduce friction in the digestive system and entrap particles in the respiratory system.
51
Q

Connective tissue serves to…

A

Bind and support the organisms and it’s body systems.

52
Q

Types of connective tissue:

A
  1. Cartilage
  2. Bone
  3. Fibrous connective tissue
  4. Loose connective tissue
  5. Adipose tissue
  6. Blood
53
Q

Condrocytes

A

Cartilage cells; embedded in a matrix of collagen.

54
Q

Cartilage makes up…

A

Most of respiratory passages and is also found in ears.

55
Q

Osteocytes

A

Bone cells; embedded in a matrix of collagen and minerals and form the skeleton of an organism.

56
Q

Fibrous connective tissue forms…

A

Tendons and ligaments.

57
Q

Loose connective tissue

A

Underlies the skin

58
Q

Adipose tissue

A

Embedded in a lipid matrix; stores fat and have a wide distribution in organisms.

59
Q

Blood

A

Unique type of connective tissue in that the cells aren’t embedded in a non living matrix (plasma) but are freely flowing through it.

60
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells

61
Q

Leukocytes

A

White blood cells

62
Q

Membranes

A

Connective and epithelial tissues are linked to form membranes. Functions to cover surfaces, line cavities, and separate organs.

63
Q

Types of membranes:

A
  1. Mucous
  2. Serous
  3. Cutaneous
  4. Synovial
64
Q

Mucous membranes

A
  • line the organs of the reproductive, urinary, and respiratory tract system.
  • consist of an epithelial tissue layer of either simple or stratified epithelial cells, a loose connective tissue layer called the lamina propria, and a second connective tissue layer called the submucosa.
65
Q

Serous membranes

A
  • line the organs within the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities.
  • composed of a sheet of simple squamous epithelial cells that’s folded onto itself, forming a double layer.
66
Q

Visceral layer

A

The layer closest to the organ

67
Q

Parietal layer

A

The layer closest to the body cavity

68
Q

Mesenteries

A
  • In the abdominal and pelvic cavities, the visceral layer of the serous membranes becomes merged to form supportive ligaments
  • functions to secure organs to the body wall
69
Q

Cutaneous membrane

A

Referred to as the integument, which is considered to be an organ system.

70
Q

Synovial membrane

A
  • line the joint cavities
  • composed only of loose connective and adipose tissue
  • produce synovial fluid which reduces friction in joint spaces
71
Q

Muscle tissue

A
  • consists of specialized cells that can shorten to produce movement when stimulated
  • functions in movement, maintenance of posture, and contractile functions
  • proteins actin and myosin are proteins involved in contracting
72
Q

Smooth muscle

A
  • Composes the walls of the digestive tract

* it contracts involuntarily in response to specific stimuli from the nervous system

73
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Attaches to bones and is under voluntary control

74
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Unique to the heart and allows for the contraction and relaxation of heart tissue that provides for the flow of blood through an organism.

75
Q

Nervous tissue

A
  • Contains specialized cells that have the ability to conduct electrical impulses
  • makes up the peripheral and central nervous system
76
Q

Neuron

A
  • The cellular subunit of nervous tissue

* composed of a cell body, an axon, and dendrites

77
Q

Inflammatory response

A
  1. Vasoconstriction (_)
  2. Vasodilation (____)
  3. Clots form as WBC begin to remove cellular debris and infectious organisms.
  4. Blood vessels return to normal; swelling and tenderness subside.
78
Q

Vasoconstriction

A
  • Blood vessels narrow and cause a decrease of blood flow to the area.
  • Decreased blood flow aids in the control of hemorrhage in the area.
79
Q

Vasodilation

A
  • Widening of the blood vessels.
  • Causes blood flow to increase.
  • Area becomes warm and red as a result of this increased blood flow.
  • Plasma rushes into the area, causing swelling of the tissues.
80
Q

Second-intention healing

A
  • Wound edges separate = formation of granulation tissue over injured area.
  • Epithelial cells enter area -> actively divide -> formation of new epithelial layer around granulation tissue.
  • Collagen fibers are continually laid down -> injured area is filled with scar tissue -> wound closes.
81
Q

Granulation tissue

A
  • Composed of collagen fibers permeated with many capillaries.
  • Protects the injured area from further damage and inhibits bacteria and other infectious agents from entering the area.
82
Q

First-intention healing

A
  • Granulation tissue is NOT formed.

* Wound edges heal quickly.

83
Q

Third-intention healing

A
  • Involves extensive tissue loss.
  • Formation of granulation tissue
  • Severity of tissue loss results in increased healing time.
84
Q

Based on your understanding of the term superficial, where would you expect the superficial digital flexor tendon in a horse’s leg to be found, relative to the deep digital flexor?

A

It would be closer to the skin that the deep digital flexor tendon.

85
Q

Which type of tissue would be found lining the tubes of the airways?

A

Epithelial

86
Q

The first step in the inflammatory response is:

A

Vasoconstriction

87
Q

The membranes that line joint cavities are described as:

A

Synovial

88
Q

The membranes that line the organs within the thorax, abdominal, and pelvic cavities are described as:

A

Serous

89
Q

Icterus

A
  • An elevation of bilirubin in the blood.
  • Characterized by a yellow-tinge to skin, mucous membranes, and eyes.
  • Also known as jaundice.
90
Q

What are some causes of icterus?

A
  • liver failure
  • hemolytic anemia
  • obstruction of the bile duct
91
Q

Hypoxia

A
  • deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching the tissues

* mucous membranes turn blue due to lack of oxygen

92
Q

What are some causes of hypoxia?

A
  • tracheal obstruction
  • severe pneumonia
  • circulatory collapse
93
Q

Hyperemia

A

Bright red mucous membranes

94
Q

Hyperperfusion

A

• blood flow to peripheral tissues is increased

95
Q

What are some clinical examples of hyperemia?

A
  • febrile (fever) and hypertensive animals

* animals undergoing allergic reaction

96
Q

Pale or white mucous membranes are indicative of:

A
  • anemia
  • shock
  • hypothermia
97
Q

What are the four primary types of tissue?

A
  1. Epithelial
  2. Connective
  3. Muscle
  4. Nervous
98
Q

Parvovirus causes:

A
  • Feline panleukopenia
  • Canine parvoviral enteritis
  • Virus attacks and kills cells that are continually renewing themselves like epithelial tissue
99
Q

Parvovirus treatment:

A

IV fluid therapy with electrolytes
Antibiotics
Anti-vomiting medication

Anatomy & Physiology (4 decks)

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