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Respiratory system > Introduction to Anatomy of Lungs > Flashcards

Introduction to Anatomy of Lungs Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

A

Gas exchange
Acid-base balance
Protection from infection
Speech

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2
Q

What is Ventilation?

A

The flow of air in and out of the lungs without considering gas exchange

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3
Q

What is external respiration?

A

The process of oxygen getting into the blood through the lungs

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4
Q

What is the standard pH of the ECF?

A

7.4

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5
Q

What is the main responsibility of the respiratory system?

A

To acquire O2 and remove CO2

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6
Q

Is speaking on inspiration or expiration?

A

Expiration

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7
Q

Why is the respiratory system lined by lymphoid tissue?

A

It is always exposed to the outside world so requires a strong defence

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8
Q

Why do we need to breathe?

A

To get oxygen to our cells for aerobic respiration as the energy produced by anaerobic respiration isn’t enough to keep us alive

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9
Q

Why do we need to remove CO2 from the body?

A

It is toxic and a build up can cause toxicity which leads to depression of the CNS

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10
Q

What is the main responsibility of the cardiovascular system?

A

To transport O2 to and CO2 away from tissues

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11
Q

What kind of blood does the pulmonary artery carry?

A

Deoxygenated

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12
Q

What kind of blood does the pulmonary vein carry?

A

Oxygenated

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13
Q

What kind of blood enters the left and right sides of the heart?

A

Left - Oxygenated

Right - Deoxygenated

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14
Q

What is the intimate link between the respiratory system and the CVS?

A

The rate of gas exchange between the alveoli and the blood is the same as between the blood and tissues, preventing gas build up

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15
Q

How does exercise affect the respiratory system and the CVS?

A

Increases depth and rate of breathing, which increases O2 entering and CO2 leaving the body, as well as increasing the strength and rate the heart pumps at, which causes more O2 to reach the cells and more CO2 to leave the cells

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16
Q

Where does gas exchange occur and where does it not occur, and why?

A

Occurs - alveoli, capillaries

Does not occur - Arteries, arterioles, veins, venules - lining isn’t thin enough for gas exchange to happen

17
Q

Why is breathing more comfortable through the nose?

A

The nose has a larger surface area which makes it easier for air to be warmed and moistened before it reaches the lungs

18
Q

What are the average volumes of O2 and CO2 exchanged per minute?

A

O2 - 250mls

CO2 - 200mls

19
Q

What is the normal breathing rate at rest?

A

10-20 breaths per minutes

20
Q

Why must air be heated before it reaches the lungs?

A

It lowers the impact on body temperature and the energy required to heat it in the lungs is greater than in the nose

21
Q

What is the upper respiratory tract?

A

The larynx and up - Starts above thoracic

22
Q

What is the lower respiratory tract?

A

Below the larynx - Starts within thoracic

23
Q

How many secondary bronchi does each lung have?

A

Left - 2

Right - 3

24
Q

How many times do the bronchi divide?

A

24

25
Q

What does it mean if an airway is patent?

A

It’s open

26
Q

What is the role of the cartilage surrounding the larger airways?

A

To maintain patency

27
Q

Which bronchi are aspirated objects more likely to become lodged in?

A

The right bronchus - more vertical and wider

28
Q

What is the difference between a bronchus and a bronchiole?

A

Bronchus has cartilage, bronchiole doesn’t

29
Q

Where is there the most and least resistance to air and why?

A

Most - Trachea
Least - Alveoli
Why - Despite the smaller lumen in the alveoli, there are an enormous number of them meaning air has more options and doesn’t have to all go along the same airway

30
Q

What is the conducting zone?

A

The parts of the airway with no gas exchange

31
Q

What can alter the resistance to airflow?

A

Smooth muscle can contract and relax, changing the diameter of the airway

32
Q

What is the function of the elastic fibres around the lungs?

A

They can stretch to allow the lungs to expand, and snap back to help force air out of the lungs

33
Q

What type of cells are the alveoli mostly composed of?

A

Type I pneumocytes - 97%

34
Q

What is the role of type II pneumocytes?

A

To produce surfactant which reduces surface tension in the alveoli

35
Q

What kind of epithelium lines the trachea?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

36
Q

What happens as you progress from the nose to the alveoli?

A

Epithelium becomes more squamous
Cilia are lost
Mucous cells are lost before cilia

37
Q

Why are mucous cells lost before ciliated cells?

A

So that mucous doesn’t get stuck in alveoli

38
Q

What is the total surface area of the alveoli?

A

80m^2

Respiratory system (5 decks)

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