Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
What is the study of Anatomy?
Anatomy is the study of body structures and their relationships to each other.
Gross Anatomy
The study of relatively large structures that are usually visible with the unaided eye.
Microscopic Anatomy
The study of structures that need magnification to be viewed (e.g. tissues and cells)
What is the study of Physiology?
Physiology is the study of how the body normally functions. It studies how each part works and how each part works together to ensure the normal function of the body.
Why study anatomy and physiology?
How body parts work (ie. their physiology) are interrelated to their structure (ie. their anatomy).
What are the six characteristics of living organisms?
Metabolism, Responsiveness, Movement, Growth, Differentiation & Reproduction.
What are the six levels of structural organisation of the human body?
Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism.
What are the eleven systems of the human body?
Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, Reproductive.
What is the study of Biology?
The study of living organisms (LIFE)
Metabolism description
All of the chemical processes that occur in the human body to maintain life.
The two phases of Metabolism
Catabolism - the breakdown of molecules.
Anabolism - the building of molecules
Responsiveness description
The bodies ability to detect and respond to changes in it’s internal or external environment.
Movement description
The motion or movement of the whole body, the individual organs, single cells and structures inside cells.
Locomotion
A movement that takes a part of the body (ie cells) from one place to another.
Growth
An increase in body size.
What causes Growth
Increase in: Number of cells, size of cells or amount of surrounding material.
Differentiation description
The process by which cells become specialised for a specific function.
Reproduction
Growth of new cells for tissue growth and repair. The production of a new living organism.
Chemical Level
Single atoms and molecules (a combination of atoms).
Cellular Level
Cells are produced by a combination of billions of molecules. Cells are the smallest living units in the body,
Tissue Level
A group of cells and the material that surrounds them to perform one or more specific functions.
Organ Level
Consists of two or more tissues working to perform specific functions. A body structure made up of a combination of different types of tissues.
Organ System Level
There are 11 organ systems in the body. A collection of organs interacting to perform a common function (ie. Cardiovascular System).
Organism Level
All parts of the body functioning together make up the human organism.
Integumentary System - Functions
Protects against environmental hazards. Helps control body temperature.
Skeletal System - Functions
Provides support, protects tissues, stores minerals, forms blood cells.
Muscular System - Functions
Produces movement. Provides support. Generates heat.
Nervous System - Functions
Directs immediate responses to stimuli, usually be coordinating the activities of other organ systems.
Endocrine System - Functions
Directs long-term changes in other organ systems.
Cardiovascular System - Functions
Transports cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes and gases.
Lymphatic System - Functions
Defends against infection and disease. Returns tissue fluid to the bloodstream.
Respiratory System - Functions
Delivers air to sites where gas exchange occurs between the air and circulating blood. Produces sound.
Digestive System - Functions
Processes food and absorbs organic nutrients, minerals, vitamins and water.
Urinary System - Functions
Eliminates excess water, salts and waste products, pH regulation.
Reproductive System - Functions
Produces sex cells and hormones. Supports embryonic development from fertilization to birth (female).
