Introduction to Anatomy and Microanatomy

Question 1

Anatomical Position

Answer 1

standing square on all 4 limbs w/ head and tail extended

Question 2

Dorsal

Answer 2

Towards the back

Question 3

Ventral

Answer 3

Towards the belly

Question 4

Cranial/ rostral

Answer 4

Closer to head along main body access

Question 5

Caudal

Answer 5

Towards the tail

Question 6

Median plane ( aka medial sagittal plane)

Answer 6

One, Iongitudinal line dividing the body into equal right and left halves

Question 7

Ipsilateral

Answer 7

On the same side

Question 8

Contralateral

Answer 8

On opposite sides

Question 9

Medial

Answer 9

Towards the midline

Question 10

Lateral

Answer 10

Away from the midline
*For limbs, refer to the inner and outer surfaces

Question 11

Sagittal planes

Answer 11

All other longitudinal planes parallel to the median plane

Question 12

Dorsal Plane

Answer 12

Towards the back vs towards the belly

Limbs: dorsal refers to front of the paws, while palmar/plantar refer to rear (underside) of forepaw and hind paw

Question 13

Transverse Plane

Answer 13

Longitudinal planes perpendicular to the median and dorsal planes (infinite in number)

Limbs: cranial and caudal refer to front and rear surfaces proximal to carpus and tarsus

Question 14

Proximal

Answer 14

Refers to limbs, closer to the trunk of the body

Question 15

Distal

Answer 15

Refers to limbs, closer to the paw/hoof; away from the trunk

Question 16

Surfaces - Superficial vs Deep

Answer 16

Towards the surface of the body/or organ VS removed from the surface of the body or at the center of a solid organ

Question 17

Gross Anatomy

Answer 17

Structures observed via dissection

Question 18

Micro anatomy

Answer 18

Structures observed via histology

Question 19

Embryology

Answer 19

Development from conception to birth, studied through histology and dissection

Question 20

Neuroanatomy

Answer 20

study of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nervous system, studied using histology and dissection

Question 21

Micro anatomy

Answer 21

Requires the ability to visually differentiate structures using magnification and histological stains

Question 22

Light Microscopy

Answer 22

Photons interact with tissues components
Light is focused with optical lens

Question 23

Electron Microscopy

Answer 23

Electrons interact with tissue components. Electrons are focused with electromagnetic lens

Question 24

Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)

Answer 24

Shows internal structure
Dark = electron dense
Light = electron lucent

Question 25

Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)

Answer 25

Shows external (or surface structures)

Question 26

Staining Steps

Answer 26

1. Fixation
2. Embedding
3. Sectioning
4. Staining

Question 27

Two main types of stains/dyes

Answer 27

1. Basophilic: interacts with acidic structures
   thus acidic components appear blue/purple
2. Acidophilic: interact with basic structures
   pink, red, orange

Question 28

Artifacts

Answer 28

Something that is artificially made by people
Relating to cells: tissue shrinkage and lost molecules
“Cracks” and spaces

Question 29

Low power

Answer 29

no individual cells seen

Question 30

intermediate/Medium Power

Answer 30

Tissue organization

Question 31

High Power

Answer 31

Cell/nuclear detail; individual cells seen