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Anatomy 1 > Introduction to Anatomy / Anatomical Terminology > Flashcards

Introduction to Anatomy / Anatomical Terminology Flashcards

1
Q

Gross Anatomy

A

Gross = Large

It is the study of body structures that can be examined by the naked eye during dissection.

Examples: Bones, Muscles, Lungs

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2
Q

Systemic Anatomy

A

All organs with related functions are studied together.

Examples: Nervous System, Musculoskeletal System, Cardiovascular System

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3
Q

Regional Anatomy

A

All organs present in one body cavity are studied together.

Thoracic Cavity, Cranial Cavity, Abdominal Cavity, Pelvic Cavity

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4
Q

Surface Anatomy

A

It is the study of shapes and markings on the surface of the body that reveal the underlying organs.

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5
Q

What is an Anatomical “Plane”? What are the four planes?

A

Plane: An imaginary flat surface running through the body.

There are four anatomical body planes:
+ Coronal/Frontal plane
+ Sagittal plane
+ Midsagittal plane
+ Transverse/Axial plane

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6
Q

Coronal (Frontal) Plane

A

+ Oriented VERTICALLY.
+ Divides the body into anterior and posterior parts (front and behind).

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7
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

+ Oriented VERTICALLY.
+ Divides the body into right and left parts.

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8
Q

Midsagittal/Median Plane

A

This plane lies exactly in the midline* vertically.

Midline: An imaginary vertical line that divides the body equally.

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9
Q

Parasagittal Plane

A

Para : Near

This is a sagittal plane that lies offset from the midline.

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10
Q

Transverse (Horizontal) Plane

A

+ Oriented HORIZONTALLY.

+ Divides the body into SUPERIOR and INFERIOR parts (top and bottom).

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11
Q
  1. What are Regional Terms? (Definition)
  2. What are the two Body divisions and what do each of them consist of?
A
  1. Names of specific body areas
  2. Axial region :
    + Forms the MAIN AXIS of the body : HEAD, NECK, TRUNK.
    + The Axial Skeleton is the Skull, Thoracic cage and Vertebral Column.

Appendicular region:
+ Consists of the LIMBS.
+ The Appendicular Skeleton is made up of the UPPER and LOWER LIMB bones.

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12
Q

What is a directional term? (Definition)

Name the Directional terms.

A

Directional terms allow us to precisely explain where one structure lies in relation to another.

+ Superior/Inferior
+ Medial/Lateral
+ Anterior (ventral)/Posterior (dorsal)
+ Cranial/Caudal
+ Superficial/Deep

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13
Q

Superior

A

Upper part of a structure or the body; Above

Example: Head is superior to the neck.

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14
Q

Inferior

A

Toward the lower part of a structure or the body; Below

Example: The thorax is inferior to the neck.

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15
Q

Medial

A

Toward/At the midline of the body; on the INNER SIDE OF.

Example: Heart is medial to the lungs

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16
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the midline of the body; On the OUTER SIDE OF.

Example: The lungs lie lateral to the heart.

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17
Q

Ipsilateral

A

On the same side

Example: The right upper limb and right lower limb are ipsilateral.

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18
Q

Contralateral

A

On OPPOSITE sides.

Example: Right upper limb and left lower limb are contralateral.

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19
Q

Anterior (Ventral)

A

Toward or at the front of the body; In Front of.

Example: The sternum is anterior to the heart.

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20
Q

Posterior (Dorsal)

A

Toward or at the back of the body; Behind

Example: The heart is posterior to the sternum.

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21
Q

When are the terms anterior and ventral & posterior and dorsal synonymous*?

A

They are synonymous in humans but NOT in four-legged animals.

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22
Q

Cranial

A

Toward the head end

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23
Q

Caudal

A

Away from the head end ; refers to the tail (inferior)

24
Q

Superficial (External)

A

Toward or at the body surface

Example: The skin is superficial to muscles.

25
Q

Deep (Internal)

A

Away from body surface; more internal

Example: The muscles are deep to the skin.

26
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to the origin of the body part OR the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.

Example: The forearm is proximal to the hand.

27
Q

Distal

A

Farther from the origin of a body part OR the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.

Examples:
+ The hand is distal to the forearm.
+ The forearm is distal to the arm.

28
Q

What is Circumduction?

Give examples of Circumduction.

A

Circumduction is the circular/conical movement of a body part.

Examples:
Hip/Shoulder/Wrist/Hand/Thumb/Finger/Ankle/Foot Circumductions.

29
Q

Adduction

A

Moving a limb toward the body midline.

30
Q

Thumb Opposition

A

Moving the thumb to touch the tips of the fingers.

31
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

Lifting the foot or hand (superiorly).

32
Q

Plantar Flexion

A

Depressing the foot elevating the heel.

33
Q

Eversion

A

Turning the sole of the foot laterally.

34
Q

Inversion

A

Turning the sole of the foot medially.

35
Q

What is the palmar and dorsal surface of the hand?

A

Palmar: The front/palm-side of the hand

Dorsal*: Back of the hand.

*Dorsum/dorsal surface: Surface on the upper side of a standing organism.

36
Q

Supination

A

Rotation of the forearm resulting in the palm of the hand facing anteriorly.

37
Q

Pronation

A

Rotation of forearm resulting in the palm of the hand facing posteriorly.

38
Q

Protraction

A

Moving a body part in the anterior direction

39
Q

Retraction

A

Moving a body part in the posterior direction

40
Q

Elevation

A

Lifting a body part superiorly

41
Q

Depression

A

Moving a body part inferiorly

42
Q

Describe the Integumentary System.

(4 Points)

A

+ Consists of skin, hair and nails.

+ Forms the external covering of the body. Protects tissue from injury

+ Responsible for the synthesis of Vitamin D.

+ Houses sweat glands, oil glands and receptors distributed throughout the skin (that detect stimuli like pain, pressure and temperature).

43
Q

Describe the Skeletal System.

(3 Points)

A

+ Consists of bones and connective tissue.

+ Protects and supports body organs.

+ Provides a framework that muscles use to allow movement.

44
Q

Describe the Muscular System.

(3 Points)

A

+ Consists of muscles

+ Allows for manipulation of locomotion and facial expression

+ Maintains posture and produces heat.

45
Q

Describe the Nervous System.

(2 Points)

A

+ Consists of the brain, spinal cord and the peripheral nerves.

+ Responds to internal and external changes by activating the appropriate muscles and glands.

46
Q

Describe the Cardiovascular system.

(2 Points)

A

+ Consists of blood, blood vessels and the heart.

+ Blood vessels transport blood that carries O2, CO2, nutrients and waste. Arteries distribute oxygenated blood to the capillary bed of the body.

47
Q

Describe the Lymphatic System.

(2 Points)

A

+ Major functions include maintenance of body fluid levels and protection of the body from pathogens.

+ Many other functions (do extra reading on those)

48
Q

Describe the Digestive System

(2 Points)

A

+ Breaks down ingested food into absorbable units that enter the blood stream for distribution.

+ Eliminating any indigestible waste material in the form of faeces.

49
Q

Describe the Urinary System.

(4 Points)

A

+ Eliminates nitrogenous waste from the body.

+ Regulates blood volume and pressure.

+ Controls levels of electrolytes and metabolites.

+ Regulates the pH of blood.

50
Q

Describe the Reproductive System.

(1 Point)

A

Overall function is production of offspring.

51
Q

Describe the Respiratory System.

(2 Points)

A

+ Consists of the nasal and oral cavities, the lungs, the bronchiole tree.

+ Keeps the blood constantly supplied with oxygen. Removes CO2.

52
Q

Describe the Endocrine System. (1 Point)

A

These glands secrete hormones that regulate various process like growth, metabolism and reproduction.

53
Q

How is ULTRASOUND IMAGING useful?

(2 Points)

A

+ It provides sonar images of internal body structures.

+ Convenient as it allows for inexpensive visualisation of organs.

54
Q

How is MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI) useful?

(2 Points)

A

+ Exposes the body to strong magnetic fields and radio waves, providing strong-contrast images of soft structures.

+ Useful for visualising structure surrounded by bone like nervous tissue and joints.

55
Q

How is COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (CT) useful?

A

+ Produces excellent images of bones, blood vessels and soft tissues.

+ Useful in trauma situations to assess damage.

56
Q

How is X-RAY useful?

(2 Points)

A

+ Useful for visualising bones or abnormal dense structures like tumours.

+ Sometimes, a contrast medium is ingested/injected into a hollow organ to allow visualisation into soft organs like the gastrointestinal tract.

Anatomy 1 (2 decks)

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