Introduction to Anatomy Flashcards
Name the axial structures of the skeleton.
Skull, spine and thorax (central structures).
Name the appendicular components of the skeleton.
The upper and lower limbs.
What layer covers cartilage and bone?
A fibrous tissue called perichondrium/periosteum.
They serve several functions including acting as an attachment for tendons and ligaments.
SKULL
major function and link to anatomy/function?
Protects the brain.
It is an enclosed rigid box with minimal movement at the joints.
THORAX
major function and link to anatomy/function?
Facilitates breathing.
It is a semi rigid box which uses attachments to muscular diaphragm to alter pressures and drive air into lungs.
SPINE
major function and link to anatomy/function?
Supports the weight of the upper body.
Transfers the weight of the upper body down to the legs.
UPPER LIMB
major function and link to anatomy/function?
Manual dexterity.
Smaller contact points with fewer direct ligament attachments to facilitate mobility.
LOWER LIMB
major function and link to anatomy/function?
Weight bearing/locomotion.
Large contact points with strong ligament attachments to facilitate stability.
Describe the Anatomical Position.
Standing erect with the feet flat on the floor under the hip joints.
Straight back with head and eyes facing forward.
Arms by the side with forearms and hands facing forwards.
Eyes focused at infinity on the horizon.
Which plane divides the body in to left and right parts, through the midline?
The sagittal plane.
What is the difference between the sagittal and parasagittal plane?
The parasagittal plane runs parallel to the sagittal plane, but to one side.
Describe the coronal planes.
These are vertical planes which pass through the body at right angles to the sagittal plane. They split the body into anterior and posterior parts (front and back).
Describe the axial planes.
Horizontal planes which divide the body into superior and inferior parts (above and below).
When something is closer to the surface, it is described as…
superficial
When something is further from the surface, it is described as…
deep
Describe when something is superior.
It is above something else.
Describe when something is inferior.
It is below something else.
Describe what anterior means.
Closer to the front of the body.
Describe what posterior means.
Closer to the back of the body.
What is the word used to describe ‘closer to the starting point/midline’?
Proximal
What is the word used to describe ‘further from the starting point/midline’?
Distal
Describe Ipsilateral.
On the same side of the bdoy.
Describe Contralateral.
On the opposite side of the body.
……. is a variation of the anatomical position, where the person is lying on their back.
Supine
……. is a variation of the anatomical position, where the person is lying face down.
Prone
Define a joint.
A connection between two or more bones. (irrespective of whether movement can occur)
Name the 3 histological classes of joints.
1) Cartilaginous
2) Synovial
3) Fibrous
In which joint are the bones united by a joint capsule enclosing a joint cavity?
Synovial joint
What is the joint capsule composed of?
An outer fibrous layer and an inner serous synovial membrane.
What does the joint cavity contain?
Lubricating synovial fluid.
In a synovial joint, what are the bones covered by?
Articular cartilage
What joint are the majority of limb joints?
Synovial
Which joints allow free movement between the bones they join?
Synovial
Bones in a fibrous joint are united by what tissue?
Fibrous
Do fibrous joints contain a joint cavity?
YES/NO
No
Fibrous joints allow some movement. What does the amount of movement depend on?
The length of the fibrous fibres.
Give an example of a fibrous joint with hardly any movement.
The sutures of the cranium.
Give an example of a fibrous joint with reasonable movement.
The interosseous membrane between the radius and ulna of the forearm.
The bones in a cartilaginous joint are united by what?
Cartilage
Do cartilaginous joints have a joint cavity?
YES/NO
No
How many types of cartilaginous joints are there? Name them.
Two- primary and secondary.
In a primary c. joint, what type of cartilage is present, providing some flexibility?
Hyaline cartilage only unites the bones.
In a secondary c. joint, what type of cartilage is present, providing strength?
The bones are covered with a layer of hyaline cartilage, and then united by fibrocartilage.
Give an example of a primary cartilaginous joint.
Attachment of the ribs to the sternum.
Give an example of a secondary cartilaginous joint.
The joints between the vertebral bodies.
Synovial joints can be subdivided further based on the shape of the articular surfaces which in turn determine what movements are possible. Name these subdivisions.
1) Plane joints
2) Hinge joints
3) Condyloid joints
4) Ball and socket joints
5) Pivot joints
Give the three features of plane joints.
1) Articular surfaces = flat
2) Joint capsules = tight
3) Sliding movements = in planes of articular surfaces
Give the feature of a hinge joint.
1) Permits flexion and extension only
Give the three features of saddle joints.
1) Articular surfaces
= convex and concave
2) Two axes of movement
3) Permits flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction
Give the two features of condyloid joints.
1) Movement in two axes but one is usually restricted
2) Permits flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction
Give the three features of ball and socket joints.
1) Articular surfaces = spherical and concave
2) Multiple axes of movement
3) Permits flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction and rotation
Give the feature of pivot joints.
1) Rotation around central axis
What type of joint is the knee joint?
Synovial hinge joint
Due to the forces placed on the knee joint (through weight bearing), the articulating surfaces need protection. How are they protected?
Two disks of fibrocartilage (medial and lateral menisci) help with shock absorption.
The articulating surfaces are covered with hyaline cartilage. What does this allow?
Smooth movements.
What is the purpose of the four ligaments surrounding the knee joint?
The knee is a hinge joint, so it needs extra external support to prevent injury to the capsule and internal structures, and to physically hold the knee together.
What ligaments are found on either side of the knee?
The lateral and medial collateral ligaments.
What are ligaments made up of?
Bands of fibrous connective tissue.
Where does the lateral collateral ligament lie?
outside the joint capsule- therefore any bleeding from tears will be outside the knee joint.
Where does the medial collateral ligament lie?
inside the joint capsule- therefore any bleeding from tears will be within the joint.
Name the two other ligaments found in the knee joint
Posterior and anterior cruciate ligaments.
Where is the PCL situated?
It runs form the posterior aspect of the tibial head to the anterior aspect of the femur.
Where is the ACL situated?
It runs from the anterior aspect of the tibial head to the posterior aspect of the femur.
The ACL and PCL stop ……….. movements.
Forwards and backwards.
Name the 3 types of muscle.
1) cardiac
2) smooth
3) skeletal
Name the 5 types of skeletal muscle.
Strap Fusiform Fan Circular Pennate/Bi/multipennate
In which type of muscle are fibres parallel and long, and can shorten by large amounts to provide fine motor control?
Strap skeletal muscle
In which type of muscle are fibres parallel and flat?
Fan skeletal muscle
Which type of muscle allow opening and closing of aperture?
Circular skeletal muscle
Which type of muscle have muscle and tendon insertions parallel with fibres in between?
Pennate skeletal muscles
The muscle fibre/tendon insertion structure of the pennate muscles increase what?
The power of the muscle by increasing the volume and density of the fibres.
Which skeletal muscle out of strap and pennate uses more energy and why?
The strap muscle
the fibres stretch over a longer distance but are less powerful so use more energy.
Give the medical terms for bending and straightening of a body part.
Flexion and extension.
Define synergists.
A group of muscles that work together to create a joint movement.
What is the name given to a group of muscles that work in opposite manners?
Antagonists.
Give the medical terms for the movement of joints away from the midline.
Abduction.
Give the medical terms for the movement of joints towards the midline.
Adduction.
What is circumduction?
The conical/circular movement of a limb around a joint.
Give the medical term for the movement of the forearm that results in the palm facing backwards.
Pronation.
Give the medical term for the movement of the forearm that results in the palm facing forwards.
Supination.
What is protraction?
The forward movement of limbs/body.
What is retraction?
The backward movement of limbs/body.
What is the term used for the inward bending of the soles of the feet to face each other?
Inversion.
What is the term used for the outward bending of the soles away from the midline?
Eversion.
What is the function of the lower limbs?
Locomotion and weight bearing.
What is the function of the upper limbs?
Range of movements and dexterity.
How many metatarsals does the foot have?
5
How many phalanges do the toes have?
Big toe- 2
others- 3
How many metacarpals does the hand have?
5
How many phalanges do the fingers have?
Thumb-2
fingers-3
What type of joint are the hip and shoulder joints?
Ball and socket joints.
What type of joint are the knee and elbow joints?
Modified hinge joints.
What name is given to the cavity of the socket of the shoulder?
The Glenoid cavity.
The cavity of the shoulder joint is small and shallow, meaning …..
The head of the humerus can rotate more freely.
The humerus can rotate fairly freely in the joint meaning that there is a ………………. but it is ………………
1) wider range of movement
2) less stable - therefore can dislocate more easily
What is the acetabulum?
The hip joint/socket.
