introduction to abdominal viscera Slides Flashcards
the peritonium and peritoneal cavity is what type of a space?
it is a potential space
what is the differecnes in the peritoneal cavity in males and females?
in males it is closed and it has a communication with external in females
what are the two layers of peritoneum called?
parietal and visceral
the parietal peritoneum lines what?
the abdominal wall
the visceral peritoneum covers what?
the organs
define intraperitoneal organs?
organs that lie inside the parietal peritoneum
define retroperitoneal organs?
organs that lie outside the parietal peritoneum
what are the 5 types of tissue that connect viscera?
messentery, omentum, peritoneal ligaments, peritoneal recess, peritoneal fold
what are the characteristics of mesentery?
double layer, carries VAN’s, and may be mobile with the organ
what are the characteristcs of omentum?
double layer and connects the stomach, duodenum and other organs
what are the char of peritoneal ligaments?
double layer and connects organs with other structures
what is a peritoneal recess?
a pouch caused by a fold
what is the peritoneal fold?
reflection of peritoneum by a VAN
what is the main function of a mesentery?
helps keeps tubes in close correspondence with each other without compressing the tubes
why does a mesentery need to be mobile sometimes?
because it needs to accommodate the food the intestine is carrying.
what does the mesentery help absorb and process?
nutrients
what are the two types of omentum?
greater and lesser
the omentum is made up of what type of tissue that helps cover organs?
fat
why wont we see the guts when we first open the viscera?
because it will be covered by the greater omentum
what is the lesser omentum going to connecting?
the stomach and the liver
what ligament is going to help anchor the liver anteriorly?
fallsiform ligament
what is the importance of the liver in correspondence with the diaphragm?
the liver is going to help relate movement from the thoracic cavity to the abdominal cavity
what does the transverse mesoncolon help anchor?
it helps anchor the colon to the backside of the abdominal cavity
the abdominal aorta is going to branch into what?
the celiac trunk, SMA, IMA, renal arteries and the right and left common iliac artery
the common iliac artery is then going to split into what?
the internal and external iliac artery.
the external iliac artery is going to change name into?
femoral artery
what does it mean if something goes through the portal venous system?
it goes to the liver first to get rid of all the byproducts before it is sent back to central systems
which nerves to the viscera are going to be parasympathetic?
vagal trunks
which nerves to the viscera are going to be sympathetic?
sympathetic trunk, celiac ganglia/plexus, SMA ganglia/plexus, greater thoracic, lesser thoracic, least thoracic, lumbar and pelvis splanchnic
what are the 3 subdivisons of the viscera?
foregut, midgut, and hindgut
what structures make up the foregut?
esophagus, stomach, liver, bladder, superior pancreas, spleen, proximal 1/3 of duodenum
what is the blood supply of the foregut?
ceiliac trunk and portal venous system
what is the sympathetic innervation of the foregut?
greater thoracic splanchnic
what is the parasympathetic innervation of the foregut?
vagus
what are the strucutres that make up the midgut?
distal 2/3 of the duodenum, jejunum, ilium, cecum, appendix, ascending colon, proximal 2/3 of transverse colon
what is the blood supply of the midgut?
SMA
what is the sympathetic innervation of the midgut?
lesser thoracic splanchnic
what is the parasympathic innervation of the midgut?
vagus
what are the strucutres of the hindgut?
distal 1/3 of the transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectal canal
what is the blood supply of the hindgut?
IMA
what is the sympathetic innervation of the hindgut?
lumbar and sacral splanchnic
what is the parasympatheitc innervation of the hindgut?
pelvic splanchnic
what structures are considered retroperitoneal?
kidneys, ureters, adrenal glands, inferior vena cava, abdominal aorta and omental foramen
the omental foramen AKA as?
epiploic foramen
the omental foramen is the passage of?
hepatic artery, vein and common bile duct
what does supracolic mean?
anything that is above the transverse mesoncolon
what does infracolic mean?
anything below the transverse mesoncolon
how does the esophagus pierce the diaphragm?
through the esophogeal hiatus left of the median plane
the esophagus enters the stomach the what level?
at the level of T10 or the 7th costal cartilage
what is the esophagus covered by?
peritoneum
what nerve is going to travel on top of the esophagus?
vagus
what are the two curvatures associated with the stomach?
greater and lesser
in the lesser curvature there is something called an angular notch….what is that?
it is where we being to see the liver
what are the 4 sections of the stomach?
cardia, body, fundus, and pylorus
define cardia?
it is where food enters into the stomach
define body?
the portion that holds the food
define pylorus?
funnel going into the small intestine
define fundus?
the top round portion that gets filled when we go to the buffet
the lesser omentum comes off which curvature ?
lesser curvature
the greater omentum comes off which curvature?
greater curvature
what are the 5 functions of the stomach?
converts food to chyme, enzymatic digestion, releases HCL, pH ranges 1-4, produces gastrin
what is gastrin?
it is a hormone that stimulates the production of stomach acids
what are the 4 parts of the pylorus?
antrum, canal, sphincter, orifice
which parts of the pylorus are going to control chyme moving through?
the canal and sphincter
what structures are going to be posterior to the stomach?
pancreas and spleen
what strucutres are going to be anterior to the stomach?
diaphragm, left lobe of liver, and anterior abdominal wall
what two ligaments are associated with the lesser omentum?
heptogastric ligament and heptoduodenal ligament
from the celiac trunk in the lesser curvature it turns into what?
right and left gastric arteries
from the celiac trunk in the greater curvature it turns into what>?
right and left gastroomental arteries
what does the small intestine extend from?
the pylorus to the iliocecal junction
what are the sympathetic controls of the small intestin?
reduce motility of processing, reduce secretion, vasoconstrciton
what are the parasympatheitc controls of the small intestine?
stimulate secretion and increase motility
what are the 3 parts of the small intestine
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
what are the 4 parts of the duodenum?
superior, descending, horizontal, ascending
what are the char of the superior portion?
short, has a messenrery, and is anterolateral to L1
what are the char of the descending portion?
descends right of L1-L3 and is RP
what are the char of the horizontal portion?
crosses over at L3 and is RP
what are the char of the ascending portion?
left of L3, RP, and is a short section
what are the char of the entire duodenum?
C- shaped which engulfs the pancreas, shortest and widest of the small intestine, joins the jejunum at the duodnaljejunal flxure.
the duodenaljejunal flexure is going to be held in place by what?
the suspensary muscle of the duodenum
what is the purpose of the flexure and the suspensory muscle when we eat alot of food?
the suspensary muscle will pull on the flexure superiorly so more food can travel through
what is special about the descending portion of the duodenum?
it has the major and minor pappilae
what are the functions of the duodenum?
furthur process chyme, produce mucous, Ph of 6, releases bile to emulsify fat, common bile duct will join the main pancreatic duct
what 2 ducts make up the common bile duct?
the hepatic bile duct from the liver and the cystic duct from the gallbladder
what is the relationship between the common bile duct and the main pancreatic duct and their purpose in the duodenum?
common bile duct - will release bile into the duodenum to help emulsify fat through the major duodenal papplia
main pancreatic duct - has enzymes that are transmitted though the head and through the duct into the major duodenal pappila
through what glands will the production of mucous be made in the duodenum?
brunner glands
what is the blood supply of the duodenum?
duodenal artery from the ceilac trunk proximally and the SMA distal to the common bile duct
where does the duodneal vein drain into?
portal venous system
what is the parasympathic innervation of the duodenum?
vagus
what is the sympathetic innervation of the duodenum?
sympathetic plexi
if we have a tumor on the uncinate process of the pacnreas it can compress which strucutre?
portal vein
what are the functions of the jejunum?
furthur process of chyme, ph 7-8, absorbtion of water and electrolytes, flow is controlled by the suspensary ligament of the duodenum, located in the umbilical region
where does the jejunum receive its blood supply from?
colic branches of the SMA
what is the parasympatheic innervation of the jejunum?
posterior vagal trunks
what is the sympatheitc innervation of the jejunum?
celiac and superior messenteric plexus
which is longer the jejunum or ileum?
ileum
how many meters do both the jejunum and ileum make up?
6-7 meters
where does the ileum lie?
suprapubic region
what is the ph of the ileum?
7-8
where does the ileum receive its blood supply from?
colic branches of the SMA
what are the differences between the jejunum and ileum?
jejunum: less encroaching fat, larger windows, longer vasa recta, less complex arcades, wider and thicker, plicae circularies
Ileum - more encroaching fat, smaller windows, shorter vasa recta, more complex arcades, peyer patches.
what are plicae circularies?
they are the folds that help with peristalisis
where is peristalsilis found to be stronger?
jejunum
what are peyer patches?
secondary lymph structures that are found in the ileum
what does the large intestine consist of?
cecum, colon, appendix, rectum, anal canal
what are the 3 types of teniae coli?
free (anterior), omental (lateral), mesoncolic (medial)
what is the point of anchor for all three teniae coli?
appendix
what is haustra?
the sacs that is created from the teniae coli
explain the transition from the small intestine to the large intestine
ileum enters the cecum, forms the iliocecal junction, folds create a ilioceal valve
is the cecum retro or intraperitoneal in nature?
it is retro
where is the appendix located?
near the iliocecal junction
what is the appendix made up of?
it is made up of all the 3 types of teniae coli
what is the function of the appendix?
no apparent function anymore, it used to digest cullulose in early man
is the appendix intra or retroperitoneal in nature?
intra
where does the appendix refer pain to ?
the suprapubic region
why does the appendix refer pain to the suprapubic region?
because of the afferent fibers from sympatheitc n of T10
