Introduction to A & P

Question 1

What is the definition of anatomy?

Answer 1

Form and structure of organisms

Anatomy can be divided into microscopic and macroscopic categories.

Question 2

What is microscopic anatomy?

Answer 2

Study of structures seen with a microscope

Includes cells and tissues.

Question 3

What is macroscopic (gross) anatomy?

Answer 3

Study of structures seen with the unaided eye

Includes organs, muscles, and bones.

Question 4

What does regional anatomy focus on?

Answer 4

Individual regions of the body

Examples include the neck or abdomen.

Question 5

What is systemic anatomy?

Answer 5

Study of individual systems within the body

Examples include skeletal, nervous, and cardiovascular systems.

Question 6

What are the different anatomical planes of reference?

Answer 6

Sagittal, median, transverse, dorsal

These planes help in describing locations and movements.

Question 7

Define ventro-dorsal (VD) view in radiography.

Answer 7

Patient is lying on their back

Indicates the direction of the X-ray beam.

Question 8

Define dorso-ventral (DV) view in radiography.

Answer 8

Imaging positioning patient is lying on stomach and beam of xray is going down through their back

Indicates the opposite direction of VD view.

Question 9

What are 4 directional terms used in anatomy?

Answer 9

Terms that describe locations of structures

Examples include cranial, caudal, medial, and lateral.

Question 10

What does cranial refer to?

Answer 10

Toward the head

Opposite of caudal.

Question 11

What does caudal refer to?

Answer 11

Toward the tail

Opposite of cranial.

Question 12

What does rostral refer to?

Answer 12

Toward the nose

Commonly used in veterinary anatomy.

Question 13

What does dorsal refer to?

Answer 13

Toward the back

Opposite of ventral.

Question 14

What does ventral refer to?

Answer 14

Toward the belly

Opposite of dorsal.

Question 15

What does medial refer to?

Answer 15

Toward the midline of the body

Opposite of lateral.

Question 16

What does lateral refer to?

Answer 16

Away from the midline of the body

Opposite of medial.

Question 17

What does superficial (external) refer to?

Answer 17

Near the surface of the body

Opposite of deep (internal).

Question 18

What does deep (internal) refer to?

Answer 18

Further away from the surface of the body

Opposite of superficial (external).

Question 19

What does proximal refer to?

Answer 19

Closer to the point of attachment or origin

Opposite of distal.

Question 20

What does distal refer to?

Answer 20

Farther from the point of attachment or origin

Opposite of proximal.

Question 21

What does palmar refer to?

Answer 21

The surface of the forepaw or hoof

Used in veterinary anatomy.

Question 22

What does plantar refer to?

Answer 22

The surface of the hind paw or hoof

Used in veterinary anatomy.

Question 23

What is bilateral symmetry?

Answer 23

Left and right halves of an animal’s body are mirror images

A key characteristic of many animals.

Question 24

What are the main body cavities?

Answer 24

Dorsal cavity (Cranial cavity and spinal cavity) , ventral cavity (thorax and abdomen)

Each cavity houses major organs.

Question 25

What does the dorsal cavity consist of?

Answer 25

Cranial cavity and spinal cavity ## Footnote Houses the central nervous system.

Question 26

What does the ventral cavity consist of?

Answer 26

Thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity ## Footnote Contains viscera.

Question 27

What structures are found in the thoracic cavity?

Answer 27

Heart, major blood vessels, lungs, esophagus ## Footnote Important for respiration and circulation.

Question 28

What structures are found in the abdominal cavity?

Answer 28

Digestive organs, urinary organs, reproductive organs ## Footnote Important for digestion and reproduction.

Question 29

What is the peritoneum?

Answer 29

Lining of the abdominal cavity ## Footnote Has visceral and parietal layers.

Question 30

What can inflammation of the pleura lead to?

Answer 30

Pleuritis or pleurisy ## Footnote Affects the thoracic cavity.

Question 31

What are cells in the context of the body organization?

Answer 31

Basic units of life ## Footnote Specialized for various functions.

Question 32

What are tissues?

Answer 32

Groups of specialized cells ## Footnote Includes epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues.

Question 33

What are organs?

Answer 33

Groups of tissues that work together ## Footnote Examples include brain, heart, and uterus.

Question 34

What are groups of specialized cells called?

Answer 34

Tissues ## Footnote Tissues perform specialized functions.

Question 35

What are groups of tissues that work together known as?

Answer 35

Organs ## Footnote Organs are single structures like the brain and heart.

Question 36

What do you call groups of organs involved in a common set of activities?

Answer 36

Systems ## Footnote An example is the digestive system.

Question 37

What is the primary function of the digestive system?

Answer 37

Obtaining food, digesting food, absorbing nutrients ## Footnote These are the key activities of the digestive system.

Question 38

What defines a state of disease (pathology)?

Answer 38

Abnormal structures or functions of the body ## Footnote Disease reflects a deviation from normal anatomy and physiology.

Question 39

What is homeostasis?

Answer 39

Maintenance of dynamic equilibrium ## Footnote Homeostasis is the body's ability to maintain balance in various physiological processes.

Question 40

Which term refers to the anatomical structure that encompasses the brain?

Answer 40

Cranium ## Footnote The cranium is the skull that houses the brain.

Question 41

What is the term for the body's ability to maintain balance in structures and functions?

Answer 41

Equilibrium ## Footnote Equilibrium is crucial for sustaining life.

Question 42

Which body cavity contains the heart and lungs?

Answer 42

Dorsal body cavity ## Footnote The dorsal body cavity houses the central nervous system structures.

Question 43

Fill in the blank: The _______ system is responsible for the fight-or-flight response.

Answer 43

Fight-or-flight ## Footnote This system prepares the body for stressful situations.

Question 44

What type of tissue is responsible for movement?

Answer 44

Muscle tissue ## Footnote Muscle tissue includes skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle types.

Question 45

What anatomical term describes a position towards the front of the body?

Answer 45

Anterior ## Footnote Anterior refers to the front side of the body.

Question 46

What is the opposite of anterior in anatomical terms?

Answer 46

Posterior ## Footnote Posterior refers to the back side of the body.

Question 47

What is the term for the study of the body's structure?

Answer 47

Anatomy ## Footnote Anatomy includes both gross and microscopic anatomy.

Question 48

What is the term for the study of body functions?

Answer 48

Physiology ## Footnote Physiology examines how body systems function.

Question 49

What type of symmetry is described as having similar structures on both sides?

Answer 49

Bilateral symmetry ## Footnote Bilateral symmetry is common in many organisms.

Question 50

What term describes the layer that covers the organs in the body cavity?

Answer 50

Visceral layer ## Footnote The visceral layer is part of the serous membrane.

Question 51

Fill in the blank: The _______ plane divides the body into left and right sections.

Answer 51

Sagittal ## Footnote The sagittal plane runs vertically through the body.

Question 52

What is the term for the area of the body that includes the chest?

Answer 52

Thorax ## Footnote The thorax is the region between the neck and abdomen.

Question 53

What is the anatomical term for the back side of the body?

Answer 53

Dorsal ## Footnote Dorsal is often used in contrast to ventral.

Question 54

What term describes the study of the body's structure at a macroscopic level?

Answer 54

Gross anatomy ## Footnote Gross anatomy involves examining large structures without a microscope.

Question 55

Which tissue type provides support and connects different parts of the body?

Answer 55

Connective tissue ## Footnote Connective tissue includes bone, blood, and adipose tissue.

Question 56

What is the term for the body cavity that contains the digestive organs?

Answer 56

Abdominal cavity ## Footnote The abdominal cavity houses the gastrointestinal tract.

Question 57

What does the term 'inferior' refer to in anatomical orientation?

Answer 57

Below or lower than another structure ## Footnote Inferior is used to describe positions in relation to other structures.