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Year 3 - Haematology > Introduction: scope > Flashcards

Introduction: scope Flashcards

1
Q

Name the cells of blood, their functions, and understand how they’re derived from stem cells

Know which hormones control blood production and which can be used therapeutically

Know the constituents of blood

Main functions of plasma

Understand the main haematological tests

Function of spleen + causes of splenomegaly

A

.

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2
Q

Functions of blood

A

Carriage of physiologically active compounds (in PLASMA)
-Hormones, Enzymes, Nutrients

Clotting
-Prothrombin + Fibrinogen

Defence against pathogens
-Leukocytes

Carriage of gas (in RBCs)
-Oxygen/CO2

Thermoregulation

  • Vasodilation when hot,
  • Vasoconstriction when cold

Maintenance of ECF pH

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3
Q

All cells of the blood originate from a cell called…

A

Haematopoietic stem cell

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4
Q

All cells of the blood undergo WHAT differentiation process from a common progenitor cell called the haematopoietic stem cell

A

Haematopoiesis

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5
Q

Name the 5 types of WBCs

A 
Neutrophil
Monocyte
Basophil
Eosinophil
Lymphocyte
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6
Q

Name the myeloid cells

A 
RBCs
Platelets
Neutrophil
Monocyte
Basophil
Eosinophil

(EVERYTHING BUT LYMPHOCYTES)

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7
Q

Cells + their function

A

See CBL notes

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8
Q

Cells + their function

  • RBCs
  • Platelets
  • All the WBCs
A

See CBL notes

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9
Q

Therapeutically used hormones

A

Erythropoietin,
G-CSF,
Thrombopoietin agonists

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10
Q

Therapeutical replacement of

  • RBCs
  • Platelets
  • Neutrophils
A

Erythropoietin,

Thrombopoietin agonists (romiplostim, eltrombopag)

G-CSF (granulocyte-colony stimulating factor)

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11
Q

Erythrocyte derived from what cell

A

Initially erythroblast –> reticulocyte –> erythrocyte

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12
Q

Hormone controlling RBC production

A

Erythropoietin

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13
Q

Where is erythropoietin made

A

Kidney

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14
Q

Clinical term for
-low
-high
RBCs

A

Anaemia

Polycythaemia (erythrocytosis)

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15
Q

Causes of anaemia

A

Decreased production of RBCs

  • deficiency in haematinics (iron, folate, vit B12)
  • congenital (thalassaemias)

Increased loss

  • bleeding
  • haemolysis
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16
Q

Causes of anaemia

  • decreased production of RBCs
  • increased loss of RBCs
A

Decreased production of RBCs

  • deficiency in haematinics (iron, folate, vit B12)
  • congenital (thalassaemias)

Increased loss

  • bleeding
  • haemolysis
17
Q

What is polychromasia

A

Abnormally high number of immature RBCs (i.e. reticulocytes)

18
Q

Platelets

  • function
  • production regulated by what hormone
A

Haemostasis (prevent bleeding)

Thrombopoietin

19
Q

Where is thrombopoietin made

A

Liver

20
Q

Clinical term for
-low
-high
platelets

A

Thrombocytopenia

Thrombocytosis

21
Q

Drugs that alter platelet function

A

aspirin, clopidogrel, abciximab

22
Q

Hormone controlling neutrophil production

A

Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF)

23
Q

Clinical term for
-low
-high
neutrophils

A

Neutropenia

Neutrophilia

24
Q

Causes of neutropenia

  • decreased production
  • increased consumption
  • altered function
A

Decreased production

  • Drugs, e.g. methotrexate
  • Marrow failure

Increased consumption

  • Sepsis (neutropenic sepsis)
  • Autoimmune

Altered function
-e.g. chronic granulomatous disease

25
Q

What are macrophages called in the

  • liver
  • skin
  • brain
  • kidney
A

Kupffer cells
Langerhans cells
Microglia
Intraglomerular mesangial cells

26
Q

Clinical term for
-low
-high
lymphocytes

A

Lymphopenia

Lymphocytosis

27
Q

Causes of

  • Lymphopenia
  • Lymphocytosis
A

Lymphopenia

  • Usually post-viral
  • lymphoma

Lymphocytosis

  • Infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever)
  • Pertussis (whooping cough)
28
Q

Types of lymphocytes

A

B cells – make antibodies
T cells – Helper, cytotoxic, regulatory
NK cells

29
Q

All lymphocytes produced where + where do each mature

A

Produced in bone marrow

- B cells mature in bone marrow, T cells in thymus

30
Q

What is antibody opsonisation

A

Process by which the pathogen is marked for ingestion and eliminated by phagocytes

31
Q

What is
-positive
-negative
selection

A

In the BONE MARROW

  • if gene rearrangement results in a functional receptor the cell is selected to survive – POSITIVE selection
  • If the receptor recognises ‘self’ antigens - the cell is triggered to die – NEGATIVE selection (tolerance)
32
Q

Difference between MHC class I + II

A

Class I: displays internal antigens on all nucleated cells

Class II: displays antigens eaten by professional APCs

33
Q

Main haematological tests

A

From FBC, main ones are

  • Hb
  • Platelet count
  • WBC

Clotting times
Biochem - iron, B12, folate

Bone marrow biopsy
Lymph node biopsy

34
Q

Normal range of

  • Hb
  • platelets
  • WBC
A

Male: 135-170
Female: 120-160

Platelets: 150-400

WB: 4-10

Year 3 - Haematology (6 decks)

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