INTRODUCTION & POLLUTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH Flashcards
It is the natural environment and the biodiversity contained within that is necessary for the provision of the ecosystem goods and
services “essential to basic human needs such as survival, climate regulation, habitat for other species, water supply, food, fiber,
fuel, recreation, cultural amenities, and the raw materials required for all economic production”
Natural capital
State the 9 Natural Capital Degradation
Air Pollution
Climate Change
Soil Erosion
Shrinking Forests
Decreased Wildlife Habitats
Species Extinction
Aquifer Depletion
Declining Ocean Fisheries
Water Pollution
It refers to the degradation of normally renewable natural resources
Natural Capital Degradation
What is the formula of the environmental impact of population?
Population (P) x Consumption per person (affluence A) x Technological impact per unit of consumption (T) = Environmental impact of population (I)
State the life cycle phases in order.
Raw Material Extraction
Production
Transport
Product Use
Disposal
State the waste management pyramid from most favoured option to least favoured option.
Prevention
Minimisation
Reuse
Recycling
Recovery
Disposal
What are the 3P?
Pollution Prevention Pays
“Pollution is waste, and waste today leads to shortages tomorrow.”
3 M’s VP Joe Ling
State the 6 Pollution Prevention
Material Selection
Waste Gen Mechanisms
Operating Conditions
Material Storage and Transfer
Energy Consumption
Process Safety
It refers to contamination of the environment by a chemical or other agent such as noise or heat that is harmful to health, survival, or activities of humans or other organisms.
Pollution
What are the two types of pollution?
Natural
Anthropogenic
A chemical out of place
Pollutant
State the 7 categories of pollutant
Organic chemicals
Inorganic chemicals
Organometallic chemicals
Acid
Physical
Radioactive
Biological
A source of pollution that is single and identifiable.
Point source
A source of pollution that is dispersed and difficult to identify.
Non-point source
It refers to the buildup of a persistent toxic substance, such as
certain pesticides, in an organism’s body, often in fatty
tissues.
Bioaccumulation
It refers to the increased concentration of toxic chemicals, such as PCBs, heavy metals, and certain pesticides, in the tissues of organisms that are at higher levels in food webs.
Biological magnification
It refers to the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic biological organisms to break down organic material present in a given water sample at a certain temperature over a specific time period.
Biological Oxygen Demand
It addresses all the physical,
chemical, and biological factors external to a person, and all the related factors impacting
behaviours.
Environmental Health
It encompasses the assessment and control of those environmental factors that can
potentially affect health.
Environmental Health
It is targeted towards
preventing disease and creating health supportive environments.
Environmental Health
It studies the effects of toxicants on living organisms, the mechanisms that cause toxicity, and develops ways to prevent or minimize adverse effects.
Toxicology
It involves studying how chemicals (toxicants), biological agents
(disease), and physical hazards (accidents, radiation) affect the
health of human populations.
Epidemiology
Adverse effects that occur within a short period after high-level
exposure to a toxicant.
Acute toxicity
Adverse effects that occur after a long period of low-level exposure to a toxicant.
Chronic toxicity
The disease with the largest environmental contribution.
Diarrhea
What are the four steps for risk assessment?
- Hazard identification
- Dose-response assessment
- Exposure assessment
- Risk characterization & Risk management
Dose at which 50% of the population dies. Crude approximation, but useful in predicting toxic potential.
LD-50 (Lethal Dose)
Dose at which an effect is observed in 50% of the
population.
ED-50 (Effective Dose)
Dose that is toxic to 50% of the population. It is used to indicate response (e.g. reduced enzyme
activity), or onset of specific symptoms (e.g. nausea)
TD-50 (Toxic Dose)
The idea that new technologies, practices, or materials
should not be adopted until there is strong evidence that
they will not adversely affect human or environmental
health.
Precautionary Principle
Agreements involved in stratospheric ozone depletion.
Vienna convention
Montreal protocol
Agreements involved in air pollution and air quality.
- WHO Guidelines
- EU Directives
- Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP) Convention / Gothenburg Protocol
Agreements involved in climate change
- United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
- Kyoto Protocol
- Cancun Agreements
- EU 20-20-20 Targets
- Durban Agreements
17 Global Goals
- No poverty
- No hunger
- Good health
- Quality education
- Gender equality
- Clear water and sanitation
- Renewable energy
- Good jobs and economic growth
- Innovation and infrastructure
- Reduced inequalities
- Sustainable cities and communities
- Responsible consumption
- Climate action
- Life below water
- Life on land
- Peace and justice
- Partnerships for the goals
