Introduction of endocrinology Flashcards
3 types of glands classified based on their site of action
endocrine
paracrine
autocrine
these glands release hormones where / affect what?
endocrine:
paracrine:
autocrine:
endocrine: blood
paracrine: surrounding cells
autocrine: act on their own glandular cells
define down-regulation and up-regulation
down-regulation: ↓ target cell receptors when ↑ hormone
up-regulation: ↑ target cell receptors when ↓ hormone
what is “permissive effect”?
When the actions of a hormone on target cells requires a simultaneous or recent exposure to another hormone
the permissive hormone is the first (the one needed for the second to work)
what is “synergistic effect”
2 hormones together have a greater effect
what is “antagonistic effect”
One hormone opposes the action of another hormone
Negative and positive feedback
negative: axis hormone increase when regulatory hormone is low
positive: axis increase when regulatory hormone high
2 examples of negative feedback
T4 & TSH
Cortisol and ACTH
2 examples of positive feedback
estrogen and pituitary hormones
oxytocin and milk
list of endocrine glands & organs with endocrine functions
hypothalamus pituitary thyroid parathyroid thymus pancreas adrenals gonads (testes and ovaries) \+ heart, lung, kidneys, intestine, placenta, brain
9 endocrine glands and 6 organs with endocrine functions
Endocrine glands
1- Hypothalamus 2- Pituitary gland 3- Thyroid gland. 4- Parathyroid glands 5- Suprarenal glands 6- Endocrine portion of the pancreas 7- Primary sex organs: testes and ovaries 8- Thymus gland 9- Pineal gland
Organs with endocrine functions
1- Heart 2- Kidney 3- Liver 4- Skin 5-GIT 6- Placenta
Tropic hormones are hormones that
have other endocrine glands as their target
8 hormones produced by hypothalamus
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH)
Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
Somatostatin
Oxytocin
ADH
Dopamine
anterior pituitary is also called
adenohypophysis
posterior pituitary is also called
neurohypophysis
6 hormones produced by anterior pituitary
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH or corticotropin) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Growth hormone (GH) Prolactin
hormones produced by posterior pituitary
trick question! the posterior pituitary doesn’t synthesize any hormones
hormones released by the posterior pituitary:
ADH & oxytocin
9 common presenting symptoms in endocrinology
lethargy & depression weight gain weight loss polyuria & polydipsia heat intolerance palpitation headache muscle weakness (usually proximal) coarsening of features
what is the most likely endocrine disorders in a patient with lethargy and depression?
hypothyroidism hyperparathyroidism DM hypogonadism adrenal insufficiency cushing's syndrome
most likely endocrine disorders in a patient with weight gain
hypothyroidism
cushing’s syndrome
most likely endocrine disorders in a patient with weight loss
thyrotoxicosis
adrenal insufficiency
DM
most likely endocrine disorders in a patient with polyuria and polydipsia
DM
Diabetes insipidus
hyperparathyroidism
hypokalemia (Conn’s syndrome)
most likely endocrine disorders in a patient with heat intolerance
thyrotoxicosis
menopause
most likely endocrine disorders in a patient with palpitations
thyrotoxicosis
phaeochromocytoma
most likely endocrine disorders in a patient with headache
acromegaly
pituitary tumor
phaeochromocytoma
most likely endocrine disorders in a patient with muscle weakness
thyrotoxicosis hyperparathyroidism cushing's syndrome hypokalemia hypogonadism
most likely endocrine disorders in a patient with coarsening of features
acromegaly
hypothyroidism
examination for endocrine diseases should include 12 areas
- height & weight
- hands
- skin
- pulse
- BP
- head
- neck
- breasts
- body fat
- bones
- genitalia
- legs
what hormone has pulsatile secretion?
growth hormone
what hormone has diurnal variation?
cortisol
what 2 hormones have monthly variation?
estrogen and progestrone
Stimulation test when you suspect ______
Suppresion test when you suspect over ______
insufficiency
over production
______ test when you suspect insufficiency
______ test when you suspect over production
Stimulation
Suppresion
name ALL 7 investigations used to diagnose endocrine diseases:
specific non specific autoimmune antibodies urine genetic imaging biopsy
