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Internal medicine > Introduction of endocrinology > Flashcards

Introduction of endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

3 types of glands classified based on their site of action

A

endocrine
paracrine
autocrine

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2
Q

these glands release hormones where / affect what?

endocrine:
paracrine:
autocrine:

A

endocrine: blood
paracrine: surrounding cells
autocrine: act on their own glandular cells

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3
Q

define down-regulation and up-regulation

A

down-regulation: ↓ target cell receptors when ↑ hormone

up-regulation: ↑ target cell receptors when ↓ hormone

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4
Q

what is “permissive effect”?

A

When the actions of a hormone on target cells requires a simultaneous or recent exposure to another hormone

the permissive hormone is the first (the one needed for the second to work)

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5
Q

what is “synergistic effect”

A

2 hormones together have a greater effect

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6
Q

what is “antagonistic effect”

A

One hormone opposes the action of another hormone

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7
Q

Negative and positive feedback

A

negative: axis hormone increase when regulatory hormone is low
positive: axis increase when regulatory hormone high

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8
Q

2 examples of negative feedback

A

T4 & TSH

Cortisol and ACTH

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9
Q

2 examples of positive feedback

A

estrogen and pituitary hormones

oxytocin and milk

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10
Q

list of endocrine glands & organs with endocrine functions

A 
hypothalamus
pituitary
thyroid
parathyroid
thymus
pancreas
adrenals
gonads (testes and ovaries)
\+ heart, lung, kidneys, intestine, placenta, brain
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11
Q

9 endocrine glands and 6 organs with endocrine functions

A

Endocrine glands

1- Hypothalamus
2- Pituitary gland
3- Thyroid gland.
4- Parathyroid glands
5- Suprarenal glands
6- Endocrine portion of the pancreas
7- Primary sex organs: testes and ovaries
8- Thymus gland
9- Pineal gland

Organs with endocrine functions

1- Heart
2- Kidney
3- Liver
4- Skin
5-GIT
6- Placenta
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12
Q

Tropic hormones are hormones that

A

have other endocrine glands as their target

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13
Q

8 hormones produced by hypothalamus

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH)
Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

Somatostatin
Oxytocin
ADH
Dopamine

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14
Q

anterior pituitary is also called

A

adenohypophysis

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15
Q

posterior pituitary is also called

A

neurohypophysis

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16
Q

6 hormones produced by anterior pituitary

A 
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH or corticotropin)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Growth hormone (GH)
Prolactin
17
Q

hormones produced by posterior pituitary

A

trick question! the posterior pituitary doesn’t synthesize any hormones

18
Q

hormones released by the posterior pituitary:

A

ADH & oxytocin

19
Q

9 common presenting symptoms in endocrinology

A 
lethargy & depression
weight gain
weight loss
polyuria & polydipsia
heat intolerance
palpitation
headache
muscle weakness (usually proximal)
coarsening of features
20
Q

what is the most likely endocrine disorders in a patient with lethargy and depression?

A 
hypothyroidism
hyperparathyroidism
DM
hypogonadism
adrenal insufficiency
cushing's syndrome
21
Q

most likely endocrine disorders in a patient with weight gain

A

hypothyroidism

cushing’s syndrome

22
Q

most likely endocrine disorders in a patient with weight loss

A

thyrotoxicosis
adrenal insufficiency
DM

23
Q

most likely endocrine disorders in a patient with polyuria and polydipsia

A

DM
Diabetes insipidus
hyperparathyroidism
hypokalemia (Conn’s syndrome)

24
Q

most likely endocrine disorders in a patient with heat intolerance

A

thyrotoxicosis

menopause

25
Q

most likely endocrine disorders in a patient with palpitations

A

thyrotoxicosis

phaeochromocytoma

26
Q

most likely endocrine disorders in a patient with headache

A

acromegaly
pituitary tumor
phaeochromocytoma

27
Q

most likely endocrine disorders in a patient with muscle weakness

A 
thyrotoxicosis
hyperparathyroidism
cushing's syndrome
hypokalemia
hypogonadism
28
Q

most likely endocrine disorders in a patient with coarsening of features

A

acromegaly

hypothyroidism

29
Q

examination for endocrine diseases should include 12 areas

A
  1. height & weight
  2. hands
  3. skin
  4. pulse
  5. BP
  6. head
  7. neck
  8. breasts
  9. body fat
  10. bones
  11. genitalia
  12. legs
30
Q

what hormone has pulsatile secretion?

A

growth hormone

31
Q

what hormone has diurnal variation?

A

cortisol

32
Q

what 2 hormones have monthly variation?

A

estrogen and progestrone

33
Q

Stimulation test when you suspect ______

Suppresion test when you suspect over ______

A

insufficiency

over production

34
Q

______ test when you suspect insufficiency

______ test when you suspect over production

A

Stimulation

Suppresion

35
Q

name ALL 7 investigations used to diagnose endocrine diseases:

A 
specific
non specific
autoimmune antibodies
urine
genetic
imaging
biopsy

Internal medicine (7 decks)

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