Introduction Lecture (L 1) Flashcards
What is pathology?
The study of diseases, how they are caused, how they develop, and how they affect the body.
What is anatomical pathology?
It is the examination of tissues, organs, and whole bodies (autopsies) in order to diagnose diseases.
Subfields include histopathology, cytopathology, and forensic pathology .
What is clinical pathology?
Clinical pathology is the examination of bodily fluids in order to diagnose diseases.
This includes clinical chemistry, hematology, microbiology, immunology, and transfusion medicine .
What is molecular pathology?
Molecular pathology involves the examination of molecules within tissues and fluids in order to study diseases and diagnose them.
When is molecular pathology used?
Molecular pathology is used extensively in cancer diagnostics, genetic disorders ,and personalized medicine
What is systemic pathology?
Systemic pathology involves the study of diseases affecting particular organ systems, for example, cardiovascular pathology and pulmonary pathology.
What is experimental pathology?
Experimental pathology is researching in order to understand the mechanisms of disease development and progression. It also incorporates the uses of laboratory techniques and animal models in order to study the disease processes and discover new treatment.
What is digital pathology?
Pathology uses computer-based technology to analyze pathology images. This allows digitalization of slides, remote consultations, and advanced image analysis using AI.
What is polymerase chain reaction (PCR) ?
It is a molecular biology technique where DNA sequences will be amplified for reasons like genotyping, cloning, and mutation analysis
What is quantitative PCR (qPCR)?
It is a molecular biology technique that aims to measure the amount of DNA or RNA in a sample
What is next generation sequencing (NGS)?
It is a molecular biology method for DNA or RNA sequencing that allows for comprehensive genetic analysis
What is Sanger sequencing?
It is a molecular biology technique of DNA sequencing it is used for small projects for example projects that involve sequencing a limited number of DNA samples or specific gene regions. It is also used for verification of next generation sequencing results.
What is Sanger sequencing?
This is molecular biology technique of DNA sequencing it is used for small projects for example projects that involve sequencing a limited number of DNA samples or specific gene regions. It is also used for verification of next generation sequencing results.
What is CRISPR-Cas9?
It is a genome editing tool to used for knockout, knock-in or modification studies
What are microarrays?
Microarrays are genomic analysis tools used for gene expression profiling, (single nucleotide polymorphisms) SNP genotyping, and comparative genomic hybridization
What are some bioinformatics tools?
Softwares like BLAST, UCSC genome browser, and Ensembl for genomic data analysis (they can all be used as genomic analysis tools)
What is western blotting?
Western blotting is a proteomics technique used to detect specific proteins using antibodies
What is mass spectrometry?
It is a proteomics technique used to identify and quantify proteins, post translational modifications, and protein interactions
What is ELISA?
It’s a proteomics technique used to quantify proteins, antibodies, or hormones in sample
What is flow cytometry?
Analyzes physical and chemical characteristics of cells or particles
What is histopathology?
Histopathology is the study of tissue samples to diagnose diseases based on changes in the tissue structure and composition
What is immunohistochemistry (IHC)?
It is a histopathology technique used to detect specific antigens in tissues using antibodies
What is In Situ Hybridization (ISH)?
It is a histopathology technique used to detect specific nucleic acid sequences within fixed tissues and cells
What is tissue microarray?
It is a histopathology technique used to analyze multiple tissue samples simultaneously (on a single slide? To study biomarkers and disease characteristics) and it is useful in large scale studies
What is fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH)?
It is a cytogenetic technique within the umbrella of In Situ Hybridization (ISH), it utilizes fluorescent labels to detect and localize specific DNA sequences on chromosomes
What is fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH)?
It is a cytogenetic technique within the umbrella of In Situ Hybridization (ISH), it utilizes fluorescent labels to detect and localize specific DNA sequences on chromosomes
What is Karyotyping?
It is a cytogenetic technique that aims to analyze chromosome structures, number, and form. This helps in identifying genetic abnormalities.
What is comparative genomic hybridization (CGH)?
It is a cytogenetic technique that detects copy number variations (CNVs) across the genome (if there is a gene lost or gained)
What is a primary cell culture?
A cell culture technique where cells are grown directly from tissues.
What are immortalized cell lines?
A cell culture techniques where (Cells that have been genetically modified to divide indefinitely?) this is used for long term studies, drug screenings, and molecular biology experiments
What is 3D cell culture?
It is a cell culturing technique where cells are grown in a 3D environment that mimics the natural tissue structures (it models the in vivo environment more accurately)
What is coronary artery disease?
It is when the coronary arteries are blocked leading to a reduced blood supply to the heart, considering that the coronary arteries are the only source of blood for the heart muscle
What does ischemia mean?
An insufficient amount of blood
What is a major cause for ischemic heart disease (IHD)?
The formation of atherosclerotic plaque, this leads to an imbalance in O2 supply and demand, where the demand will be high but it wont be met because the supply is low
What is atherosclerosis?
Lipid deposition in the vessel intima, it is associated with inflammation, scarring, and calcification. It is primarily an arterial disorder. Atherosclerosis is the cause for many vascular disease (coronary, cerebral, and peripheral) it leads to higher morbidity and mortality rates
What is the global burden of cardiovascular disease?
1) Atherosclerosis is highly prevalent in industrialized countries, and is growing in all geographic regions.
2) Around 18 million people die yearly from CVD
The increase rates of CVD can be explained by the increase in risk elements: Hypertension is predicted to increase by 80% in developing countries, and diabesity is predicted to increase.
What does etiology mean?
The cause or origin of a disease, it focuses on identifying and understanding the factors or reasons that lead to the development of a disease.
What are uncontrollable risk factors of CAD?
1)Gender (Females have estrogen, which protects the heart by improving the lipid profile, reducing inflammation, this makes females less susceptible to CAD) (does not affect as much in menopausal women)
2)Hereditary factors (genetic hypercholesterolemia)
3)age
What are controllable risk factors of CAD?
1) High blood pressure
2) high blood cholesterol
3) smoking
4)physical activity
5) Obesity
6)Diabetes
7) stress and anger
What are intimal lesions?
Abnormalities in the innermost layer of a blood vessel (the intima) this could be a buildup of plaque
What are atheromas?
Intimal lesions caused by risk factors, they are fatty deposits inside the arteries that can lead to atherosclerosis. Atheromas can protrude into the vessel lumens and affect the blood flow
What is the relationship between inflammation and atherogenesis?
Inflammation is present in all stages of atherogenesis, it is linked with the formation of atherosclerotic plaque and rupture (rupture can expose that material and lead to blood clots), evidence says that inflammation plays a key role in the clinical manifestation of CAD.
