Introduction - L1 Flashcards
There are many similarities between patients and athletes, but also differences. Such as the fact that patients exercise to improve mobility in order to reduce mortality, morbidity and to improve healthy aging and that athletes improve their exercise performance to improve in their (top) sport.
What is a major difference in patients compared to athletes?
Low grade inflammation or a compromised immune system in patients
(Probably not important for the exam, but good for visualization)
Name chronic diseases with a low grade of inflammation or compromised immune system.
- Aging-related fraility (sacropenia)
- Alzheimer’s disease
- Cancer
- Cardiovascular diseases
- COPD
- Hospitalization
- Interstitial lung disease
- Long-COVID
- Osteoarthritis
- Osteoporosis
- Type-2 diabetes mellitus
How does exercise delay mortality?
By improving cardio-metabolic function, cognitive performance, and pathophysiology of a variety of diseases. But also: exercise providing protection against (chronic) diseases.
What is an important paracrine function of cytokines?
To attract immune cells to control inflammatory processes and to support muscle regeneration after exercise.
What is the definition of ‘myokines’?
Cytokines that are produced and released by skeletal muscle cells in response to muscular contractions, having autocrine, paracrine and/or endocrine effects.
Name characteristics of IL-6.
- Pro-inflammatory cytokine
- Anti-inflammatory myokine
- Increases insulin-stimulated glucose secretion and glucose oxidation
- Stimulates lipolysis and fat oxidation
- Improves insulin secretion
- Limits low-grade TNF-a production
- Alternative activation of macrophages
What is acute exercise normally linked to and how does this benefit us?
Acute exercise is normally linked to an increase in local inflammation. Without this local inflammation, no benefits of exercise are seen. This is because of the observation that NSAIDs limit the benefit of exercise.
What is an inflammasome?
Cytosolic multiprotein oligomers of the innate immune system responsible for activation of inflammatory responses.
What is the NLRP3 inflammasome? And how is it related to skeletal muscle waisting, i.e. atrophy?
The NLRP3 inflammasome is a critical component of the innate immune system that mediates caspase-1 activation and the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β/IL-18 in response to microbial infection and cellular damage. Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome plays an important role in the pathogenesis and progression of inflammation-related skeletal muscle waisting.
Irisin is a myokine and was first discovered in mice. Name characteristics of irisin.
- Cleaved from fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5).
- Induces browning of white fat and thermogenesis in mice.
- Irisin is secreted from muscles in response to exercise and may mediate some beneficial effects of exercise in humans, such as weight loss and thermoregulation (not in lecture slide)
Meteorin-like (Metrl) is a hormonal factor (i.e. cytokine) released by several tissues. Name characteristics of Metrl (or at least what research has found in rodents).
- Links cold exposure and exercise to browning of fat.
- Exercise stimulates the release of IL-6, catecholamines and Metrl
What is the meaning of ‘exercise-mimetics’?
Endocrine/paracrine factors that are released upon exercise that can be used to treat metabolic diseases and obesity.
