Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

My Packs: AP Biology > (Introduction) Chapter 1: Themes in the Study of Life > Flashcards

(Introduction) Chapter 1: Themes in the Study of Life Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define:

Evolution

A

The process of change that has transformed life on Earth from its earliest beginnings to the diversity of organisms living today

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define:

Biology

A

The scientific study of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

List some properties of life (7)

A 
Order
Regulation
Energy processing
Evolutionary adaptation
Growth and development
Response to the environment 
Reproduction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

State an example of Order in Life

A

The highly ordered structure of a sunflower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

State an example of Regulation in Life

A

Regulation of blood flow through blood vessels helps maintain temperature for Jackrabbit’s ears

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

State an example of Energy processing in Life

A

Hummingbirds obtaining nectar as sources of energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

State an example of Evolutionary adaptation in Life

A

The camouflage of seahorses best suited for their habitats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

State an example of Growth and development in Life

A

The inherited information carried by genes controls pattern of growth and development of organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

State an example of Response to the environment in Life

A

Venus flytraps will close if an insect stimulus on its leaves are detected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

State an example of Reproduction in Life

A

Organisms reproduce their own kind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is biology’s core theme?

A

Evolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define:

Emergent Properties

A

The novel properties that emerge at each step when zooming in/out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Name the levels of biological organization (10)

A 
The Biosphere
Ecosystems
Communities
Populations
Organisms
Organs and Organ Systems
Tissues
Cells
Organelles
Molecules
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Define:

System

A

A combination of components that function together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the goal of systems biology?

A

To construct models for the dynamic behaviour of whole biological systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What can successful models in systems biology do?

A

Enable biologists to predict how a change in one or more variables will affect other components and the whole system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The operation of any ecosystem involves ___ major processes:

A

Two
Cycling of nutrients
One-way flow of energy from sunlight to producers to consumers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

In energy conversions, some energy is converted to _______ energy. What does this energy dissipate as?

A

Thermal

Dissipates as heat to the surroundings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

_________ and ________ are correlated at all levels of __________ ____________

A

Structure
Function
Biological organization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is an organism’s basic units of structure and function?

A

Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What characteristics are shared between all cells? (2)

A

Enclosed by membrane that regulates the passage of materials between the cell and surroundings
Uses DNA as its genetic information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the two main forms of cells?

A

Prokaryotic

Eukaryotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe:

Eukaryotic Cell

A

Subdivided by internal membranes into various membrane-enclosed organelles (e.x. nucleus, chloroplast)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Describe:

Prokaryotic Cell

A

DNA is not separated from the rest of cell by enclosure in a membrane-bounded nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The continuity of life is based on _________ ___________ in the form of ___

A

Heritable information

DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

DNA stands for ________________ ____. DNA is a substance of _____, which are:

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Genes
The units of inheritance that transmit information from parents to offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the chemical building blocks of each DNA molecule chain called?

A

Nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Each DNA molecule is made up of ___ long chains arranged in a ______ _____

A

Two

Double helix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

True of False:

DNA of genes controls protein production directly

A

False, DNA of genes controls protein production indirectly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How do DNA of genes control protein production?

A

By using a related kind of molecule RNA as an intermediary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How many types of nucleotides are present in a DNA strand?

A

4

32
Q

True or False:

Not all RNA in the cell is translated into protein

A

True

33
Q

Define:

Genome

A

The entire “library” of genetic instructions that an organism inherits

34
Q

Define:

Bioinformatics

A

The use of computational tools to store, organize, and analyse the huge volume of data that result from high-throughput methods

35
Q

What regulates biological systems?

A

Feedback mechanisms

36
Q

In feedback regulation, what regulates the process?

A

The output or product of the process

37
Q

What is the most common form of regulation in life?

A

Negative Feedback

38
Q

Describe:

Negative Feedback

A

A form of feedback regulation where the accumulation of an end product of a process slows that process

39
Q

Describe:

Positive Feedback

A

A form of feedback regulation where the end product speeds up its production

40
Q

What accounts for the unity and diversity of life?

A

Evolution

41
Q

Name one of the founders of modern evolutionary theory

A

Theodosius Dobzhansky

42
Q

Dobzhansky stated “_______ in Biology makes sense except in the ____ of _________”

A

Nothing
Light
Evolution

43
Q

In the traditional Linnaean system, name the classifying groups (8)

A 
Species
Genus
Family
Order
Class
Phylum
Kingdom
Domain
44
Q

Define:

Taxonomy

A

The branch of biology that names and classifies species

45
Q

How domains are there? Name them

A

3 Domains

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

46
Q

Which domains are prokaryotic?

A

Bacteria and Archaea

47
Q

True or False:

All prokaryotes are single-celled and microscopic

A

False, most prokaryotes are single-celled and microscopic

48
Q

Define:

Eukaryotes

A

Organisms with eukaryotic cells

49
Q

All eukaryotes are now grouped into which domain?

A

Eukarya

50
Q

Who’s book was an immediate bestseller and made almost synonymous with the concept of evolution?

A

Charles Darwin

51
Q

State the title of the book that Charles Robert Darwin published in November 1859

A

On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection

52
Q

What two main points did The Origin of Species articulate?

A

Contemporary species arose from a succession of ancestors

Proposed a mechanism for descent with modification, called natural selection

53
Q

Why did Darwin call the mechanism of evolutionary adaptation “natural selection”?

A

The natural environment “selects” for the propagation of certain traits

54
Q

Where is the word “science” derived from?

A

Latin verb meaning “to know”

55
Q

What is in the heart of science?

A

Inquiry, a search for information and explanation, often focusing on specific question

56
Q

How many types of scientific inquiry do biologists use? What are they?

A

Two main types

Discovery Science and Hypothesis-Based Science

57
Q

Discovery science is mostly about __________ nature

Hypothesis-based science is mostly about __________ nature

A

Describing

Explaining

58
Q

Define:

Discovery science

A

Describes natural structures and processes as accurately as possible through careful observation and analysis of data

59
Q

What is discovery science sometimes called?

A

Descriptive science

60
Q

Recorded observations are called ____

A

Data

61
Q

What is data?

A

Items of information on which scientific inquiry is based

62
Q

Data implies numbers to most people, but some data are ____________

A

Qualitative, often in the form of recorded descriptions rather than numerical measurements

63
Q

Define:

Quantitative data

A

Data which are generally recorded as measurements

64
Q

Discovery science can lead to important conclusions based on a type of logic called _________ or:

A

Induction or Inductive Reasoning

65
Q

Define:

Hypothesis

A

In science, a hypothesis is a tentative answer to a well-framed question - an explanation on trial

66
Q

What is a hypothesis usually?

A

An educated guess, based on experience and on the data available from discovery science

67
Q

What type of logic in built into hypothesis-based science?

A

Deductive reasoning

68
Q

Through induction:

A

We derive generalizations from a large number of specific observations, from specific to general

69
Q

Through deduction:

A

Logic in opposite direction of induction, from general we reach specific

70
Q

Deductive testing takes the form of “__…____” logic

A

“If…then”

71
Q

What are two important qualities of scientific hypotheses?

A

Scientific hypothesis must be:
Testable
Falsifiable

72
Q

Define:

Controlled experiment

A

An experiment that is designed to compare an experimental group with a control group

73
Q

What are differences between a hypothesis and a theory? (3)

A

A theory is much broader in scope than a hypothesis
A theory is general enough to spin off many new, specific hypotheses that can be tested
Compared to any one hypothesis, a theory is generally supported by a much greater body of evidence

74
Q

Scientific models can take may forms, including: (5)

A

Diagrams, graphs, three-dimensional objects, computer programs, or mathematical equations

75
Q

What is the goal of science?

A

To understand natural phenomena

My Packs: AP Biology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions