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DPT 682 - Pathophysiology > Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues > Flashcards

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Pathology vs. Clinical pathology

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

A

(a) Pathology:

  • Branch of medicine, investigates the essential nature of the disease, especially changes in body tissues and organs that cause or are caused by the disease.

(b) Clinical pathology:

  • Pathology applied to solution of clinical problems, esp. use of lab methods in clinical diagnosis (body tissues, body fluids).
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2
Q

Study of functional changes that occur in the body as a result of an injury, disorder or disease; often referred to as study of the mechanism of disease= ?

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

A

Pathophysiology: Study of functional changes that occur in the body as a result of an injury, disorder or disease; often referred to as study of the mechanism of disease

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3
Q

Development of cellular events, reactions, and other pathologic mechanism that occur in the development of the disease = ?

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

A

Pathogenesis:

  • Development of cellular events and reactions and other pathologic mechanism that occur in the development of the disease.
  • Basically, how a disease develops.
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4
Q

green

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

A

Mitochondria:

  • Complete breakdown of glucose and produces adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
  • Powerhouse of cells.
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5
Q

green

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

A

Nucleus: control center of cells, regulates cell growth, metabolism and reproduction, contains genetic information (DNA)

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6
Q

green

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

A

Nucleolus: produces RNA (translates genetic information)

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7
Q

?

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):

  • Synthesis enzyme and proteins, lipids and hormones.
  • Rough ER: Protein
  • Smooth ER: Everything else
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8
Q

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

A

Ribosomes: aid in protein production

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9
Q

green

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

A

Golgi proteins:

  • Sorts, chemically modifies, packages proteins produced on the endoplasmic reticulum.
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10
Q

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

A

(a) Lysosomes:

  • Digests excess or worn out organelles, food particles, virus, bacteria.
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11
Q

Functions of epithelial tissue?

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

A

Epithelial tissues covers the outer surface of body and lines GI, respiratory, GU tract, secretory portion of glands and ducts, also lines the internal closed cavities including blood vessels

Functions:

  • Serve as barrier, physical protection
  • Absorption (villi)
  • Filtration (cilia)
  • Secretion
  • Permeability
  • Regeneration
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12
Q

3 types of epithelial tissue?

  • according to shape

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

A

According to shape:
1. Squamous (thin/flat)
2. Cuboidal (cube): surface of ovary and thyroid
3. Columnar (column): lines intestine

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13
Q

?

blue

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

A

Tissue:

  • Simple Squamous Epithelium

Description:

  • Single layer of flat, irregularly shaped cells
  • Central, flattened nucleus

Location:

  • Lining of alveoli in lungs
  • Endothelium (i.e., lumen of blood and lymphatic vessels and heart chambers)
  • Mesothelium (i.e., serous membranes lining body cavities)

Anatomy App Link

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14
Q

?

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

A

Tissue:

  • Cuboidal Epithelium

Description:

  • Cuboidal cell (i.e., approximately as tall as wide)
  • Central, spherical nucleus
  • Apical surface may have microvilli
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15
Q

3 types of epithelial tissue?

  • number of layers

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

A
  1. Simple
  2. Stratified
  3. Pseudostratified – looks like more layers but there is not
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16
Q

What Tissue = ?

  • More than one layer of cells.
  • Deepest layer resting on the basement membrane.
  • Designed to protect body surfaces.
  • Lining of mouth and skin surfaces.

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

A

(a) Stratified Epithelial tissue:

  • More than one layer of cells with
  • Deepest layer resting on the basement membrane
  • Designed to protect body surfaces (lining of mouth and skin surfaces)
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17
Q

All of the cells are in contact with underlying intercellular matrix but some do not extend to the surface = ?

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

A

Pseudostratified Epithelial tissue: All of the cells are in contact with underlying intercellular matrix but some do not extend to the surface.

  • Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells forms lining of most of the upper respiratory tract
  • Normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells- of trachea and bronchi replaced with stratified squamous epithelium cells
  • Smoker’s cough
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18
Q

Stratified epithelium characterized by cells that can change shape and become thinner when the tissue is stretched = ?

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

A

Transitional epithelium:

  • Stratified epithelium characterized by cells that can change shape and become thinner when the tissue is stretched.
  • Lining of organs that constantly change volume such as urinary bladder, urethra, ureters
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19
Q

Components of connective tissue = ?

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

A

Components of connective tissue:

(a) Cells

(b) Extracellular protein fibers

Connective / Supportive
Tissue:

  • Connects, binds, supports various tissues, fills body spaces, produce blood cells.
  • Cells of connective tissue produce extracellular matrix (made of fibers and ground substance) that supports and holds tissue together.
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20
Q

Examples of connective tissue = ?

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

A
  • Tendons, ligaments
  • Adipose tissue
  • Cartilage
  • Bone
  • Blood and lymph
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21
Q

Marfan syndrome = ?

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

A

Connective Tissue Disorder - Marfan Syndrome

(a) Marfan syndrome

  • A genetic condition that affects connective tissue, which provides support for the body and organs.
  • Mutation limits the body’s ability to make proteins needed to build connective tissue.
  • Marfan syndrome is caused by a mutation in the FBN1 gene.

(b) Marfan syndrome can damage;

  • Blood vessels
  • Heart
  • Eyes
  • Skin
  • Lungs
  • Bones (hips, spine, feet, and rib cage)

  • Marfan syndrome is rare, happening in about 1 in 5,000 people.
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22
Q

Characteristics of marfan syndrome = ?

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

A

Characteristics of Marfan syndrome:

  • Tall and slender build
  • Disproportionately long arms, legs and fingers
  • A high, arched palate and crowded teeth
  • Extreme nearsightedness / retinal detachment
  • An abnormally curved spine
  • Flat feet
  • Aortic aneurysm (life threatening)
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23
Q

3 types of muscle tissue = ?

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

A

3 types of muscle tissue:

  1. Skeletal
  2. Smooth
  3. Cardiac
  • Main function is contraction, movement of body and its parts and changes in size and shape of internal organs.
24
Q

Characteristics of skeletal muscle = ?

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

A

Skeletal muscle:

  • Long and cylindrical
  • Striated
  • Voluntary
25
Q

Characteristics of smooth muscle = ?

NISS

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

A

Smooth muscle:

  • Nonstriated
  • Spindle shape
  • Involuntary
  • Intercalated disks/ gap junctions
26
Q

Characteristics of cardiac muscle = ?

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

A

Cardiac muscle:

  • Shorter, branched
  • Involuntary
  • Striated
  • Intercalated disks/ gap junctions
27
Q

Steps in excitation-contraction coupling = ?

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

A

Steps in excitation-contraction coupling:

  1. Action potential in muscle membrane propagated to T tubules, that carry depolarization from surface to the interior of the muscle fiber
  2. Depolarization of T tubules
  3. Open SR Calcium release channels
  4. Increase intracellular calcium concentration
  5. Calcium binds troponin C
  6. Tropomyosin moves and allows interaction of actin and myosin
  7. Cross-bridge cycling
  8. Contraction/ Force generation
28
Q

Cardiac muscle cells are called = ?

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

A

Cardiac muscle cells are called cardiomyocytes.

29
Q

Intercalated disks contain gap junctions that allow for = ?

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

A

Intercalated disks contain gap junctions that allow coordinated contraction of heart.

30
Q

Increase in troponin and other cardiac enzymes in blood used to help diagnose heart attack.

  • Normal range = ?
  • Heart attack = ?

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

A

Increase in troponin and other cardiac enzymes in blood used to help diagnose heart attack.

  • Normal range: below 0.04 ng/ml
  • Heart attack: above 0.40 ng/ml
31
Q

Smooth muscle:

  • voluntary or involuntary = ?
  • where is it found = ?
  • functions = ?
  • what does it lack = ?

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

A

Smooth muscle:

  • Involuntary muscle
  • Lacks striations, because thick and thin filaments are not organized in sarcomeres
  • Smooth muscle is found in the walls of hollow organs (GI tract, bladder, uterus, bronchioles, eye muscles).

Functions:

  • To produce motility e.g. propel urine along the ureter
  • To maintain tension e.g. smooth muscle in the wall of blood vessels
  • Lacks troponin, instead relies on another calcium binding protein called as calmodulin
32
Q

Muscle cell membrane = ?

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

A

Sarcolemma: Muscle cell membrane

33
Q

Transverse (T) tubule = ?

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

A

Transverse T tubule:

  • Carries depolarization from action potential at muscle cell surface to the interior of the fiber.
  • Extensive network of muscle cell membrane
  • Invaginates deep into the muscle fiber
34
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) = ?

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR):

  • Site for storage and release of calcium for excitation contraction coupling.
  • Myofibrils are surrounded by SR.
  • Calcium is accumulated in the SR by the action of calcium ATPase in the SR.
      • Pumps calcium from ICF of muscle fiber into the interior of SR
      • Keeps the intracellular calcium concentration low when muscle fiber is at rest
35
Q

?

purple

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

A

(a) Sarcolemmal Membrane:

  • The cell membrane surrounding a skeletal muscle fiber or a cardiomyocyte.
  • It consists of a lipid bilayer and a thin outer coat of polysaccharide material (glycocalyx) that contacts the basement membrane.
36
Q

?

purple

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

A

(a) Transverse tubules:

  • Function as a major location for ion exchange.
37
Q

?

purple

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

A

Terminal cistemae of sarcoplasmic reticulum:

38
Q

?

purple

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

A

(a) Longitudal sarcoplasmic reticulum:

  • Complex network of specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum that is important in transmitting the electrical impulse as well as in the storage of calcium ions.
39
Q

?

purple

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

A

(a) Z-Disk:

  • Stabilizing F-actin filament structures
  • Allowing force transfer between individual sarcomeres, and
  • Acting as signaling centers communicating with the nucleus
40
Q

?

purple

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

A

(a) Actin (Thin filaments):

  • Actin has myosin binding sites
  • Tropomyosin is a filamentous protein that runs along the groove of each twisted actin filament
  • At rest, myosin binding sites are covered with tropomyosin

(b) Troponin:

  • Troponin T - attaches troponin to tropomyosin
  • Troponin I - inhibits interaction between action and myosin
  • Troponin C - calcium binding protein
41
Q

?

purple

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

A

Myosin (Thick filaments):

  • Heavy chains, alpha helical structure, in which 2 chains coil to form tail.
  • 4 light chains and N terminus of heavy chain form globular heads on myosin molecule
  • Heads have actin-binding site
  • Necessary for cross bridge formation
  • Site that binds and hydrolyzes ATP
42
Q

?

purple

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

A

(a) Titin

  • Titin is important in the contraction of striated muscle tissues.
  • Connects the Z disc to the M line in the sarcomere.
43
Q

?

purple

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

A

M-line:

  • Anchor point for myosin filaments during muscle contraction.
44
Q

purple

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

A

Bare zone:

45
Q

?

purple

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

A

A-Band:

  • The A-band is a central part of a sarcomere, which is the fundamental unit of contraction in muscle cells.
  • The A-band is made up of thick filaments called myosin.
46
Q

?

purple

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

A

Sarcomere: The basic contractile unit (contains full A band and two half I bands).

47
Q

?

blue

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

A

Tissue:

  • Stratified squamous

Description:

  • Multiple layers of cells
  • Apical cells are squamous; basal cells are typically cuboidal or polyhedral
  • Apical cells have nuclei; these are living cells

Location:

  • Oral cavity and oropharynx, esophagus, and anus
  • Uterine cervix, vagina, distal female urethra, and spongy urethra (male)

Anatomy App Link

48
Q

?

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

A

Tissue:

  • Stratified cuboidal

Location:

  • Ducts of sweat glands
  • Larger ducts of salivary glands

Description:

  • Usually two layers of cells
  • Apical cells are cuboidal
49
Q

?

blue

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

A

Tissue:

  • Stratified columnar

Location:

  • Large excretory ducts (e.g., salivary gland ducts).
  • Membranous and spongy parts of male urethra.
  • Conjunctiva of eye
  • Nasopharynx and nasal side of soft palate

Description:

  • Usually two layers of cells
  • Apical cells are columnar; deeper cells are low cuboidal to polyhedral.
50
Q

?

blue

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

A

Tissue:

  • Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Location:

  • Lining of most of respiratory tract (nasal cavity, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi)
  • Lining of epididymis
  • Lining of parts of urinary tract (parts of female urethra, and membranous and spongy urethra in male)
  • Lining of large excretory ducts of glands

Description:

  • Single layer of cells, all of which contact basal lamina but only some reach the apical surface
  • Nuclei at different levels, which gives “impression” of a stratified epithelium
  • Usually ciliated
    – looks like more layers but there is not
51
Q

(a) Cell
(b) Tissue
(c) Organ
(d) Organ System
(e) Organism

?

green

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

A

(a) Cell
(b) Tissue
(c) Organ
(d) Organ System
(e) Organism

52
Q

(a) Cell
(b) Tissue
(c) Organ
(d) Organ System
(e) Organism

?

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

A

(a) Cell
(b) Tissue
(c) Organ
(d) Organ System
(e) Organism

53
Q

(a) Cell
(b) Tissue
(c) Organ
(d) Organ System
(e) Organism

?

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

A

(a) Cell
(b) Tissue
(c) Organ
(d) Organ System
(e) Organism

54
Q

(a) Cell
(b) Tissue
(c) Organ
(d) Organ System
(e) Organism

?

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

A

(a) Cell
(b) Tissue
(c) Organ
(d) Organ System
(e) Organism

55
Q

(a) Cell
(b) Tissue
(c) Organ
(d) Organ System
(e) Organism

?

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

A

(a) Cell
(b) Tissue
(c) Organ
(d) Organ System
(e) Organism

DPT 682 - Pathophysiology (16 decks)

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