Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

Question 1

Pathology vs. Clinical pathology

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

Answer 1

(a) Pathology:

• Branch of medicine, investigates the essential nature of the disease, especially changes in body tissues and organs that cause or are caused by the disease.

(b) Clinical pathology:

• Pathology applied to solution of clinical problems, esp. use of lab methods in clinical diagnosis (body tissues, body fluids).

Question 2

Study of functional changes that occur in the body as a result of an injury, disorder or disease; often referred to as study of the mechanism of disease= ?

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

Answer 2

Pathophysiology: Study of functional changes that occur in the body as a result of an injury, disorder or disease; often referred to as study of the mechanism of disease

Question 3

Development of cellular events, reactions, and other pathologic mechanism that occur in the development of the disease = ?

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

Answer 3

Pathogenesis:

• Development of cellular events and reactions and other pathologic mechanism that occur in the development of the disease.
• Basically, how a disease develops.

Question 4

green

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

Answer 4

Mitochondria:

• Complete breakdown of glucose and produces adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
• Powerhouse of cells.

Question 5

green

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

Answer 5

Nucleus: control center of cells, regulates cell growth, metabolism and reproduction, contains genetic information (DNA)

Question 6

green

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

Answer 6

Nucleolus: produces RNA (translates genetic information)

Question 7

?

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

Answer 7

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):

• Synthesis enzyme and proteins, lipids and hormones.
• Rough ER: Protein
• Smooth ER: Everything else

Question 8

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

Answer 8

Ribosomes: aid in protein production

Question 9

green

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

Answer 9

Golgi proteins:

• Sorts, chemically modifies, packages proteins produced on the endoplasmic reticulum.

Question 10

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

Answer 10

(a) Lysosomes:

• Digests excess or worn out organelles, food particles, virus, bacteria.

Question 11

Functions of epithelial tissue?

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

Answer 11

Epithelial tissues covers the outer surface of body and lines GI, respiratory, GU tract, secretory portion of glands and ducts, also lines the internal closed cavities including blood vessels

Functions:

• Serve as barrier, physical protection
• Absorption (villi)
• Filtration (cilia)
• Secretion
• Permeability
• Regeneration

Question 12

3 types of epithelial tissue?

• according to shape

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

Answer 12

According to shape:
1. Squamous (thin/flat)
2. Cuboidal (cube): surface of ovary and thyroid
3. Columnar (column): lines intestine

Question 13

?

blue

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

Answer 13

Tissue:

• Simple Squamous Epithelium

Description:

• Single layer of flat, irregularly shaped cells
• Central, flattened nucleus

Location:

• Lining of alveoli in lungs
• Endothelium (i.e., lumen of blood and lymphatic vessels and heart chambers)
• Mesothelium (i.e., serous membranes lining body cavities)

Anatomy App Link

Question 14

?

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

Answer 14

Tissue:

• Cuboidal Epithelium

Description:

• Cuboidal cell (i.e., approximately as tall as wide)
• Central, spherical nucleus
• Apical surface may have microvilli

Question 15

3 types of epithelial tissue?

• number of layers

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

Answer 15

1. Simple
2. Stratified
3. Pseudostratified – looks like more layers but there is not

Question 16

What Tissue = ?

• More than one layer of cells.
• Deepest layer resting on the basement membrane.
• Designed to protect body surfaces.
• Lining of mouth and skin surfaces.

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

Answer 16

(a) Stratified Epithelial tissue:

• More than one layer of cells with
• Deepest layer resting on the basement membrane
• Designed to protect body surfaces (lining of mouth and skin surfaces)

Question 17

All of the cells are in contact with underlying intercellular matrix but some do not extend to the surface = ?

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

Answer 17

Pseudostratified Epithelial tissue: All of the cells are in contact with underlying intercellular matrix but some do not extend to the surface.

• Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells forms lining of most of the upper respiratory tract
• Normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells- of trachea and bronchi replaced with stratified squamous epithelium cells
• Smoker’s cough

Question 18

Stratified epithelium characterized by cells that can change shape and become thinner when the tissue is stretched = ?

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

Answer 18

Transitional epithelium:

• Stratified epithelium characterized by cells that can change shape and become thinner when the tissue is stretched.
• Lining of organs that constantly change volume such as urinary bladder, urethra, ureters

Question 19

Components of connective tissue = ?

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

Answer 19

Components of connective tissue:

(a) Cells

• Fibroblast,
• Macrophages,
• Lymphocytes

(b) Extracellular protein fibers

• Collagenous fibers,
• Elastic fibers,
• Ground substance:Unstructured material filling spaces between cells and containing fibers.

Connective / Supportive
Tissue:

• Connects, binds, supports various tissues, fills body spaces, produce blood cells.
• Cells of connective tissue produce extracellular matrix (made of fibers and ground substance) that supports and holds tissue together.

Question 20

Examples of connective tissue = ?

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

Answer 20

• Tendons, ligaments
• Adipose tissue
• Cartilage
• Bone
• Blood and lymph

Question 21

Marfan syndrome = ?

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

Answer 21

Connective Tissue Disorder - Marfan Syndrome

(a) Marfan syndrome

• A genetic condition that affects connective tissue, which provides support for the body and organs.
• Mutation limits the body’s ability to make proteins needed to build connective tissue.
• Marfan syndrome is caused by a mutation in the FBN1 gene.

(b) Marfan syndrome can damage;

• Blood vessels
• Heart
• Eyes
• Skin
• Lungs
• Bones (hips, spine, feet, and rib cage)

• Marfan syndrome is rare, happening in about 1 in 5,000 people.

Question 22

Characteristics of marfan syndrome = ?

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

Answer 22

Characteristics of Marfan syndrome:

• Tall and slender build
• Disproportionately long arms, legs and fingers
• A high, arched palate and crowded teeth
• Extreme nearsightedness / retinal detachment
• An abnormally curved spine
• Flat feet
• Aortic aneurysm (life threatening)

Question 23

3 types of muscle tissue = ?

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

Answer 23

3 types of muscle tissue:

1. Skeletal
2. Smooth
3. Cardiac

• Main function is contraction, movement of body and its parts and changes in size and shape of internal organs.

Question 24

Characteristics of skeletal muscle = ?

Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues

Answer 24

Skeletal muscle:

• Long and cylindrical
• Striated
• Voluntary

Question 25

Characteristics of smooth muscle = **?** | *NISS* ## Footnote *Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues*

Answer 25

**Smooth muscle**: * Nonstriated * Spindle shape * Involuntary * Intercalated disks/ gap junctions

Question 26

Characteristics of cardiac muscle = **?** ## Footnote *Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues*

Answer 26

**Cardiac muscle**: * Shorter, branched * Involuntary * Striated * Intercalated disks/ gap junctions

Question 27

Steps in excitation-contraction coupling = **?** ## Footnote *Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues*

Answer 27

**Steps in excitation-contraction coupling**: 1. Action potential in muscle membrane propagated to T tubules, that carry depolarization from surface to the interior of the muscle fiber 2. Depolarization of T tubules 3. Open SR Calcium release channels 4. Increase intracellular calcium concentration 5. Calcium binds troponin C 6. Tropomyosin moves and allows interaction of actin and myosin 7. Cross-bridge cycling 8. Contraction/ Force generation

Question 28

Cardiac muscle cells are called = **?** ## Footnote *Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues*

Answer 28

Cardiac muscle cells are called **cardiomyocytes**.

Question 29

Intercalated disks contain gap junctions that allow for = **?** ## Footnote *Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues*

Answer 29

Intercalated disks contain gap junctions that allow **coordinated contraction of heart**.

Question 30

Increase in troponin and other cardiac enzymes in blood used to help diagnose heart attack. * Normal range = **?** * Heart attack = **?** ## Footnote *Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues*

Answer 30

Increase in troponin and other cardiac enzymes in blood used to help diagnose heart attack. * **Normal range**: below 0.04 ng/ml * **Heart attack**: above 0.40 ng/ml

Question 31

Smooth muscle: * voluntary or involuntary = **?** * where is it found = **?** * functions = **?** * what does it lack = **?** ## Footnote *Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues*

Answer 31

**Smooth muscle**: * Involuntary muscle * Lacks striations, because thick and thin filaments are not organized in sarcomeres * Smooth muscle is found in the walls of hollow organs (GI tract, bladder, uterus, bronchioles, eye muscles). Functions: * To produce motility e.g. propel urine along the ureter * To maintain tension e.g. smooth muscle in the wall of blood vessels * **Lacks troponin, instead relies on another calcium binding protein called as calmodulin**

Question 32

Muscle cell membrane = **?**  ## Footnote *Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues*

Answer 32

**Sarcolemma**: Muscle cell membrane 

Question 33

Transverse (T) tubule = **?** ## Footnote *Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues*

Answer 33

**Transverse T tubule**: * Carries depolarization from action potential at muscle cell surface to the interior of the fiber. * Extensive network of muscle cell membrane * Invaginates deep into the muscle fiber 

Question 34

Sarcoplasmic reticulum (*SR*) = **?** ## Footnote *Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues*

Answer 34

**Sarcoplasmic reticulum** (SR): * Site for storage and release of calcium for excitation contraction coupling. * Myofibrils are surrounded by SR. * Calcium is accumulated in the SR by the action of calcium ATPase in the SR. * * * Pumps calcium from ICF of muscle fiber into the interior of SR * * * Keeps the intracellular calcium concentration low when muscle fiber is at rest

Question 35

? | *purple* ## Footnote *Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues*

Answer 35

(a) **Sarcolemmal Membrane**: * The cell membrane surrounding a skeletal muscle fiber or a cardiomyocyte. * It consists of a lipid bilayer and a thin outer coat of polysaccharide material (glycocalyx) that contacts the basement membrane.

Question 36

? | *purple* ## Footnote *Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues*

Answer 36

(a) **Transverse tubules**: * Function as a major location for ion exchange.

Question 37

? | *purple* ## Footnote *Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues*

Answer 37

**Terminal cistemae of sarcoplasmic reticulum**:

Question 38

? | *purple* ## Footnote *Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues*

Answer 38

(a) **Longitudal sarcoplasmic reticulum**: * Complex network of specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum that is important in transmitting the electrical impulse as well as in the storage of calcium ions.

Question 39

? | *purple* ## Footnote *Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues*

Answer 39

(a) **Z-Disk**: * Stabilizing F-actin filament structures * Allowing force transfer between individual sarcomeres, and * Acting as signaling centers communicating with the nucleus

Question 40

? | *purple* ## Footnote *Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues*

Answer 40

(a) **Actin** (Thin filaments): * Actin has myosin binding sites * Tropomyosin is a filamentous protein that runs along the groove of each twisted actin filament * At rest, myosin binding sites are covered with tropomyosin (b) ***Troponin***: * Troponin T - attaches troponin to tropomyosin * Troponin I - inhibits interaction between action and myosin * Troponin C - calcium binding protein

Question 41

? | *purple* ## Footnote *Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues*

Answer 41

**Myosin** (Thick filaments): * Heavy chains, alpha helical structure, in which 2 chains coil to form tail. * 4 light chains and N terminus of heavy chain form globular heads on myosin molecule * Heads have actin-binding site * Necessary for cross bridge formation * Site that binds and hydrolyzes ATP

Question 42

? | *purple* ## Footnote *Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues*

Answer 42

(a) **Titin** * Titin is important in the contraction of striated muscle tissues. * Connects the Z disc to the M line in the sarcomere.

Question 43

? | *purple* ## Footnote *Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues*

Answer 43

**M-line**: * Anchor point for myosin filaments during muscle contraction.

Question 44

| *purple* ## Footnote *Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues*

Answer 44

Bare zone:

Question 45

? | *purple* ## Footnote *Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues*

Answer 45

**A-Band**: * The A-band is a central part of a sarcomere, which is the fundamental unit of contraction in muscle cells. * The A-band is made up of thick filaments called myosin.

Question 46

? | *purple* ## Footnote *Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues*

Answer 46

**Sarcomere**: The basic contractile unit (contains full A band and two half I bands).

Question 47

? | *blue* ## Footnote *Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues*

Answer 47

**Tissue**: * Stratified squamous **Description**: * Multiple layers of cells * Apical cells are squamous; basal cells are typically cuboidal or polyhedral * Apical cells have nuclei; these are living cells **Location**: * Oral cavity and oropharynx, esophagus, and anus * Uterine cervix, vagina, distal female urethra, and spongy urethra (male) ## Footnote [Anatomy App Link](https://anatomy.mheducation.com/html/apr.html?animal=human&)

Question 48

? ## Footnote *Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues*

Answer 48

**Tissue**: * Stratified cuboidal **Location**: * Ducts of sweat glands * Larger ducts of salivary glands **Description**: * Usually two layers of cells * Apical cells are cuboidal

Question 49

? | *blue* ## Footnote *Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues*

Answer 49

**Tissue**: * Stratified columnar **Location**: * Large excretory ducts (e.g., salivary gland ducts). * Membranous and spongy parts of male urethra. * Conjunctiva of eye * Nasopharynx and nasal side of soft palate **Description**: * Usually two layers of cells * Apical cells are columnar; deeper cells are low cuboidal to polyhedral.

Question 50

? | *blue* ## Footnote *Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues*

Answer 50

**Tissue**: * Pseudostratified columnar epithelium **Location**: * Lining of most of respiratory tract (nasal cavity, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi) * Lining of epididymis * Lining of parts of urinary tract (parts of female urethra, and membranous and spongy urethra in male) * Lining of large excretory ducts of glands **Description**: * Single layer of cells, all of which contact basal lamina but only some reach the apical surface * Nuclei at different levels, which gives "impression" of a stratified epithelium * Usually ciliated – looks like more layers but there is not

Question 51

(**a**) Cell (**b**) Tissue (**c**) Organ (**d**) Organ System (**e**) Organism **?** | *green* ## Footnote *Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues*

Answer 51

(**a**) **Cell** (b) Tissue (c) Organ (d) Organ System (e) Organism

Question 52

(**a**) Cell (**b**) Tissue (**c**) Organ (**d**) Organ System (**e**) Organism **?** ## Footnote *Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues*

Answer 52

(a) Cell (**b**) **Tissue** (c) Organ (d) Organ System (e) Organism

Question 53

(**a**) Cell (**b**) Tissue (**c**) Organ (**d**) Organ System (**e**) Organism **?** ## Footnote *Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues*

Answer 53

(a) Cell (b) Tissue (**c**) **Organ** (d) Organ System (e) Organism

Question 54

(**a**) Cell (**b**) Tissue (**c**) Organ (**d**) Organ System (**e**) Organism **?** ## Footnote *Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues*

Answer 54

(a) Cell (b) Tissue (c) Organ (**d**) **Organ System** (e) Organism

Question 55

(**a**) Cell (**b**) Tissue (**c**) Organ (**d**) Organ System (**e**) Organism **?** ## Footnote *Introduction, Cell Physiology and Body Tissues*

Answer 55

(a) Cell (b) Tissue (c) Organ (d) Organ System (**e**) **Organism**