Introduction And Principles Of Drug Action Flashcards
Define pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics in simple terms
Pharmacodynamic mechanism that produces the effect the drug has the on the body
Pharmacokinetics- what body does to the drug as it moves in the body
A- absorption, D- distribution , M- metabolism/ bio transformation , E- excretion
Define a drug
Any molecule used to alter the body’s physiology and function. It is used to cure , treat or prevent diseases ( therapeutics)
What is opposite of toxicology which deals w the negative effects of drug on the body
Therapeutics- deals with the beneficial effects of the drug on the body
What is receptor
Receives substances that binds to it and activates it.
All drugs act through receptors . True or false
False. Not all drugs. Some act thru enzyme inhibition and enzyme activation
Indications define
Means uses
Example, paracetamol indication is for pain
Contraindications define
The category of people which cannot use the drug
Dose definition
Amount of drug that is taken at a given time
How different are adverse effects from ide effects
Adverse effects are worse than side effects
Ionized molecules carry charges so they do not suffer to move across membranes whereas non ionized molecules suffer to move across membranes . They are soluble . True or false
False
Ionized molecules suffer to move across membranes
Non ionized molecules don’t suffer to move acros membranes s
Differen between agonist nd antagonist and partial agonist
Agonist- activate
Antagonists- bind to receptor but doesn’t activate it and prevents other drugs from binding to the receptor by it binding to the receptor
Partial agonist- acts as an agonist or antagonist depending on the circumstance
Dose response curves are used to
Compare drugs and geometric progression is used in this curve
Overflow , krebs solution in the first experiment you did signifies what
Makes sure water doesn’t go above a certain level
Krebs solution- preserve the tissue so it can continue functioning as if it was in a living organism. Depending on the tissue you’re using then you pick n appropriate physiological solution which contains different salts in different concentration
Air is also pumped into the organ bath
Function of the coil in the experiment
Coil delays entry of physiological solution before it gets into the water bath cuz of difference in temperature between water bath and Krebs solution in the organ bath
Volume in the organ water bath is always 10ml
A drug will act even tho it’s not bound and there ar eno exceptions. True or false
False
It won’t act until it’s bound although there are exceptions
WhT are drug targets
These are what drugs need to bind to . They interact with drugs to produce an effect
Name drug targets
Enzymes- cuz most enzymes catalyze most biological reactions
Ion channels- drugs work by blocking em or by opening th channels wider, faster or close em up (modulation). Eg Diazepam induces sedation
Transporters or carriers- carry substances into the cell or outside the cell
Receptors - they’re found on the surface of the cell so the drug doesn’t go inside the cell
Receptors are able to change their conformation to regulate cellular activity. True or false
True
Most receptors are membrane spanning. Explain
They occupy most parts of the cell membrane
Name one hormone that can interact w receptors to bring about an effect
Estrogen interacts s estrogen receptors
Name and explain the three properties of receptors
Sensitivity -react very fast to the drug that binds to it. Only free unkind drugs can bind to receptors
Selectivity - drug has to be in a certain way before it reacts to that drug. Ability of a receptor to display a preference for a particular drug
Specificity - a specific response is elicited when a specific drug binds to it
Name the types of receptors
Ligand gates ion channel
G protein coupled receptors
Kinase linked receptors
Nuclear receptors
How do ligand gated ion channels work
Ligands ( the drug) binds to the receptor. This opens the ion channel and allows ions to flow into it. It is very fast. Example nicotine acetylcholine receptor
How do G protein coupled receptors work
The G protein(GDP) receptor is connected to a G protein.
When a drug binds to it , it activates it and the G protein also becomes activated. The activated G protein (GTP)now goes to cause the desired effect.
Most drugs wtarget what type of receptor
GPCR
Gproteincoupledreceptor
How does the kinase or enzyme linked receptor work
The receptor has two parts. The intercellular and extra cellular part of the receptor.
The intracellular part is an enzyme and the extra cellular part is where the drug binds to the receptor. When the drug binds to the receptor, the inside part of the receptor is activated because the outer part of the receptor has been activated. Example cytokine receptor
How does the nuclear receptor work
The receptors are found in the nucleus of the cell. When the drug finds. Way to go into the cell and finally into the nucleus, they bind to the receptors and affect DNA transcription
It takes a long time to see the effect of drugs that target these receptors . Example- oestrogen receptor
Protein phosphorylation is a common means of information transfer. True or false
True
Define signal transduction
Process by which extra cellular inputs (drug receptor interactions) leads to intracellular messages (using mediators) that modulate physiological stuff
Characteristics of secondary messengers or signal transduction
They relay or amplify the information they get
Transfer information from the environment to the cell’s interior
Types of enzyme linked receptors
Tyrosine kinase receptors
Serine or threonine kinases
Cytokine receptors
Name the non receptor mediated actions of drugs
- Osmotic effects- diuretics (osmotic diuretics) : these receptors get into the kidney and water follows it wherever it goes
- pH changes- antacids example- liver salt example concerning acid and base reaction
- Chelation-penicillamine (copper in Wilson’s disease)
- Physical or chem changes
- 5-fluorouracil - cancer drug that causes changes in cancer cells - Disruption of cells- penicillin
