Introduction and Dosing Slides- 1

Question 1

Pharmacology

Answer 1

The study of histories, sources, chemical properties, biological actions, biological handling and therapeutic uses of drugs in living organisms. Chemically-directed physiology. Balance between risks and benefits. A discipline that changes rapidly.

Question 2

Drug

Answer 2

A substance that is used in the treatment, prevention or diagnosis of disease. Many are naturally occuring.

Question 3

Federal food drug cosmetic act

Answer 3

Regulatory definitions of a drug.

1) “articles intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease in man or other animals.
2) “articles (other than food) intended to affect the structure or any function of the body of man or other animals.

Question 4

Pharmacokinetics (PK)

Answer 4

How drugs are handled by the body. Study of how drugs are absorbed into, distributed throughout, transformed (metabolized) by and eliminated from the body: known as A.D.M.E.

Question 5

Pharmacodynamics (PD)

Answer 5

How drugs affect the body. Study of the processes and mechanisms by which drugs exert their biological effects.

Question 6

Interrelationship between PK and PD

Answer 6

Drug administration site –> systemic circulation –> Sites of action/ elimination processes biotransformation/ tissue reservoirs.

Question 7

Drug names

Answer 7

drugs are categorized according to several different but overlapping nomenclature systems: source, therapeutic use, site of action.

Question 8

Drug chemical name

Answer 8

A unique name based on accepted chemical nomenclature standards

Question 9

Drug code name

Answer 9

A unique name (not always publically released) that is assigned by the company that discovered the agent.

Question 10

National drug code name

Answer 10

A unique NDC number assigned to all drugs that are manufactured, prepared, propagated, compounded, or processed for commercial distribution.

Question 11

Drug generic name

Answer 11

A unique non-proprietary name that is the common name for the drug. (what we need to know for class).

Question 12

Drug trade name

Answer 12

Also known as the proprietary or brand name, the trade name is accompanied by a registered symbol @ or the letters TM to denote trademark. A single drug can have multiple trade marks.

Question 13

Over the counter (OTC)

Answer 13

Drugs that are considered sufficiently safe in order that a “lay” person can understand instructions for proper use.

Question 14

Prescription drugs (Rx)

Answer 14

Drugs that are considered to be too unsafe for proper use by a lay person. All prescription veterinary drugs must carry a warning label on the package.

Question 15

Veterinary feed directive (VFD) drugs

Answer 15

Drugs that are approved for use in or on animal feed under the professional supervision of a licensed veterinarian. Such drugs are prohibited from any extra label use.

Question 16

Drug dosing

Answer 16

Drug dosing rates are most often provided as the amount of drug administered per unit body weight (mg/lb) or body surface area (mg/m2), but sometimes dose can be listed simply as a total dose.

Question 17

Drugs in solution

Answer 17

Precent weight to volume (g/100ml)- most common.
Precent weight to weight (g/100g).
Precent volume to volume (ml/100ml).

Question 18

Drug dosing question # 1:
Your neighbors 88 lb dog is having a seizure! You have injectable diazepam (20mg per ml), you confirm the dose is 2mg/kg. What volume of injectable diazepam should be adminstered to this dog?

Answer 18

88 lb/ 2.2= 40 kg.
40kg (2mg/1kg)= 80 mg
80 mg (1ml/20mg)= 4ml

Question 19

Drug dosing question # 2:
You have to set up a constant rate infusion of isoproterenol in a 30 kg dog with low cardiac output. Isoproterenol CRI is 1ml/min at a dose rate of 100mcg/kg/hr. The injectable isoprotenerenol you are given is 0.5%w/v. You also have a 100ml IV fluid bag.

Answer 19

Drug administration rate: 100mcg/kg/hr X 30 kg= 3000mcg/hr= 3mg/hr.
Infusion rate: 1ml/min X 60min/hr= 60 ml/hr.
soooo must have 3mg of drug in 60 ml of fluid. Since fluid bag is 100 ml, change ratio to fit 100 ml. so 5mgdrug/100ml fluidbag.
The injectable is 0.5%w/v –> .5g/100ml –> 5mg/1ml. So if 1ml contains 5mg you need to add 1ml to the 100ml fluid bag.

Question 20

Pharmacogenetics

Answer 20

The study of genetically determined variations in responses to drugs in animals and man.

Question 21

Pharmacognosy

Answer 21

Branch of pharmacology concerned with the physical characteristics and botanical sources of naturally occurring drugs

Question 22

Pharmacy

Answer 22

The practice of collecting, formulating and dispensing standardized preparations of drugs

Question 23

Posology

Answer 23

The branch of pharmacology concerned with the determination of doses of remedies.

Question 24

Toxicology

Answer 24

The scientific study of the source, chemistry, biological effects and antidotes for poisons or harmful drugs.

Question 25

Drench

Answer 25

Drug is dissolved or suspended in liquid and administered orally with the aid of a drench bottle, funnel or gun.

Question 26

Suspension

Answer 26

Mixtures of insoluble powders, hydrated insoluble drugs (gels) or oily drugs (emulsions) in water which frequently contain one or more stabilizing agents. Unless specificied, suspensions should never be injected IV.

Question 27

Resin

Answer 27

An insert matrix impregnated with drug for slow continuous release.

Question 28

Liniment

Answer 28

A liquid preparation of drug in an oily, soapy or alcoholic vehicle that is intended for topical application to the skin as a counterirritant.