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Year 1 Term 2 > Introduction and Anatomy of Lungs Airways and Blood Supply > Flashcards

Introduction and Anatomy of Lungs Airways and Blood Supply Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

A

Gas exchange

Acid base balance

Protection of infection

Communication via speech

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2
Q

Why is gas exchange essential?

A

Oxygen essential for releasing energy

Removes C02- waste product

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3
Q

What is the cardiovascular system responsible for?

A

Transports oxygen to tissues

Transports CO2 away from tissue

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4
Q

What is meant by external respiration?

A

Movement of gases between the air and the bodies cells

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5
Q

What type and where does pulmonary artery take blood

A

Away from the heart

Deoxygenated blood

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6
Q

Where does the pulmonary vein take blood?

A

Towards the heart

(Only vein that takes oxygenated blood)

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7
Q

How does pulmonary circulation differ from systemic circulation?

A

Opposite in function - It delivers CO2 to the lungs and picks up O2

Systemic- Delivers O2, collects Co2 from tissues

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8
Q

What changes occur in the resp. system and CVS system when E demand increases by working muscle?

A

Respiratory - Rate & Depth of Breathing.

Speeds up: - Substrate (O2) acquisition - Waste disposal (CO2)

Cardiovascular- Heart Rate & Force of Contraction.

Speeds up: - Substrate delivery to muscle via blood - Waste removal via blood

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9
Q

What is the movement of O2 during gas exchange?

A

Air to blood (at lungs)

blood to cells (at systemic capillaries)

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10
Q

What is the movement of CO2 during gas exchange?

A

cells to blood (at the systemic capillaries)

blood to air which is then expired (at Lungs)

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11
Q

What is the relationship between the volume of oxygen exchanged in the lungs per unit time and that of the net volume exchanged in the tissues

A

EQUAL Same applies for carbon dioxide

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12
Q

What is the purpose of this equal exchange between the lungs and the tissues?

A

Prevents gas build up in circulation which hampers gas exchange.

Supply=demand

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13
Q

What are the average volumes exchanged per minute?

A

250 ml oxygen exchanged (consumed)

200 ml carbon dioxide exchanged (produced)

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14
Q

What are breathing rates at rest? And maximum breathing rate?

A

10-20 breaths/min at rest,

40 - 45 at maximum exercise in adults

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15
Q

What portion of the respiratory system is shared with the digestive system?

A

The pharynx - From your nose, oxygen moves into the pharynx or throat

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16
Q

What helpful roles does the nose have in the respiratory system?

A

Air enters the body through nose. Cilia and mucus trap particles Warms and moistens air

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17
Q

What is the function of trachea?

A

Transports oxygen from the pharynx to the lungs

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18
Q

What protective structural component exists in the trachea?

A

Stiff rings of cartilage - supports and protects

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19
Q

What are lungs spongy?

A

Lots of hollow sacs that compose them

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20
Q

What is the function of the epiglottis?

A

Small flap where tissue folds over the trachea and prevents food from entering it when you swallow It is mostly open, closes on swallowing

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21
Q

What is the function of the larynx?

A

Contains vocal cords - vibrate to produce sound

22
Q

What is the bronchus?

A

Where trachea bifurcates (at sternal angle),

air moves from trachea to bronchus leads to the inside of the lung.

23
Q

Where is the lower respiratory system enclosed?

A

In the thorax, bounded by the ribs, spine and the diaphram

24
Q

What body structures are found in the upper respiratory system?

A

Pharynx, Vocal Cords, Esophagus, Nasal Cavity, Tongue, Larynx

25
Q

What body structures are found in the lower respiratory system?

A

Right lung, Left lung, Left brochus and right bronchus, diaphragm

26
Q

Where do the lungs sit?

A

In the pleural cavity - contains 3 ml of fluid

27
Q

How much does each bronchi branch?

A

22 times, before finally terminating in a cluster of alveoli

28
Q

Which primary bronchi is wider?

A

The right primary bronchi - more aspirated foreign bodies lodge here

29
Q

What maintains patency (open) in the airways?

A

C - shaped rings of cartilage

30
Q

What doesn’t contain C - shaped rings of cartilage?

A

Bronchioles

31
Q

What maintains patency in the bronchioles?

A

Physical forces in the thorax

32
Q

What happens to airway diameter as you go down the respiratory tree?

A

Decreases

33
Q

Where does greatest resistance to air flow occur?

A

Upper respiratory tract (conducting zone), contains lots more molecules Branching increases surface area

34
Q

What is the effect of contraction on resistance?

A

Contraction decreases diameter = increases resistance Relaxation increases diameter = decreases resistance

35
Q

What controls airway diameter, and therefore resistance to airflow?

A

Activity of bronchial smooth muscle

36
Q

What is each cluster of alveoli surrounded by?

A

Elastic fibres and a network of capillaries

37
Q

What are the functions of the elastic fibers?

A

Stretch during inspiration, they release this stretch energy on exhalation (contraction)

38
Q

What type of cells exist in the alveoli?

A

Type 1 cells - gas exchange

Type 2 cells - produce surfactant

Capillaries exist between the alveoli

Alveolar macrophages- ingest foreign material that reaches alveoli

39
Q

Where is gas exchange possible?

A

Alveoli - very thin walls

40
Q

What is the function of conducting airways?

A

Walls of the upper airways are too thick to allow gases to cross

Function is purely conduction of air to and from the alveoli

41
Q

What is the function of huge surface area of the alveoli?

A

The huge surface area of the alveoli further enhances their gas exchange function.

42
Q

what is anatomical dead space

A

Air in conducting airways

Can’t perform gas exchange

43
Q

What lines the respiratory tract?

A

Epithelium (psuedo-stratified, ciliated, columnar) Glands Lymph nodes Blood vessels (nutritive) Ciliated Mucous

44
Q

What is the progression from the nose to alveoli?

A

Epithelium becomes more squamous

Cilia lost

Mucous cells lost (before cilia)

Goblet cells lost before cilia,

cilia are the last thing to be lost

45
Q

What is the function of mucous?

A

Moistens air

Traps particles

Provides large surface area for cilia to act on

46
Q

What cells are associated with mucous?

A

Goblet cells

Subepithelial glands

47
Q

What is the movement of macrophages from the alveoli?

A

Macrophages escape to pharynx/lymph nodes

48
Q

What is another word for

A

Pneumocytes - rich capillary network

49
Q

Describe type 1 Pneumocytes

A

Pneumocytes - 97% alveolar surface

Simple squamous epithelium Gas exchange

50
Q

Describe type 2 Pneumocytes

A

Surfactant production

Phospholipids and protein

Reduces surface tension at alveolar surface

Reduces work of breathing

Year 1 Term 2 (7 decks)

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