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Endocrinology > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Hormones act via receptors, where can they be located?

A

on the surface or within the cell

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2
Q

Lipid soluble hormones

  • mechanism of action
  • examples
A
  • bind to receptors located within the cells
  • bind to nuclear receptor –> mRNA synthesis –> ribosome –> hormone production
  • process is slow

-progesterone, testosterone, aldosterone, estrogen, calcitriol

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3
Q

Water soluble hormones

  • mechanism of action
  • examples
A
  • bind to receptors located on the cell membrane
  • intracellular signaling cascade –> ATP –> cAMP –> cell response
  • process is fast

-ACTH, calcitonin, epinephrine, glucagon, PTH, ADH

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4
Q

Control of hormone secretion is regulated by:

A
  1. Signals from nervous system
  2. Chemical changes in blood
  3. Other hormones
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5
Q

Hypothalamus and Pituitary

A
  • hypothalamus secretes inhibitory and releasing hormones. They regulate the release of anterior pituitary hormones
  • anterior pituitary produces 7 hormones
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6
Q

7 hormones that are secreted by the anterior pituitary

A
  1. Human growth hormone (hGH)
  2. Thyroid stimulating hormone
  3. Follicle stimulating hormone
  4. Luteinizing hormones
  5. Prolactin (PRL)
  6. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  7. Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
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7
Q
  1. Human growth hormone (hGH) (4)
A
  • promotes synthesis of insulin like growth factors - somatomedins
  • secreted by liver, muscle, cartilage, bones cells
  • regulated by: hypothalamic hormones (growth hormone releasing and inhibiting) and blood glucose levels (low blood glucose levels –> released)
  • actions: stimulates protein synthesis and makes “fuel” (ATP) available for growth
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8
Q
  1. Thyroid stimulating hormone (3)
A
  • stimulates the formation and secretion of thyroid hormones (T3, T4) by thyroid gland
  • regulation of TSH (negative feedback)
  • low T3/T4 –> hypothalamus –> thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) –> TRH stimulates release of TSH –> TSH stimulates thyroid production of T3/T4
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9
Q
  1. Follicle stimulating hormone (4)
A
  • in females - starts follicle development
  • in males - sperm production in testes
  • regulated by gonadotropin releasing hormones (GnRH) from hypothalamus
  • increases estrogen in females
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10
Q
  1. Luteinizing hormones (4)
A
  • in females - stimulates formation of corpus luteum
  • in males - release testosterone from tests
  • regulated by gonadotropin releasing hormones (GnRH) from hypothalamus
  • increases estrogen and progesterone in females
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11
Q
  1. Prolactin (PRL) (5)
A
  • initiates and maintains milk production by mammary glands
  • ejection of milk is regulated by oxytocin
  • prolactin inhibiting hormone (PIH) suppresses prolactin release
  • high levels of estrogens –> PRH –> prolactin release
  • hypersecretion –> erectile dysfunction
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12
Q
  1. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (4)
A
  • controls production and secretion of glucocorticoids from adrenal cortex
  • corticotrophin releasing hormones (CRH) from hypothalamus stimulates secretion
  • stress-related stimulate can also stimulate the release of it
  • glucocorticoids inhibit CRH and ACTH release
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13
Q
  1. Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) (2)
A
  • small amount in blood stream

- excess amount —> skin darkening

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14
Q

Posterior pituitary

A

-release two hormones: oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH = vasopressin)

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15
Q

Oxytocin causes… (3)

A
  • smooth muscle contraction of uterus during childbirth
  • causes “letdown” of milk glands to ducts
  • some sexual pleasure during sexual activity
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16
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH = vasopressin) (3)

A
  • causes kidneys to retain more water
  • causes vasoconstriction –> increases BP
  • dehydration, pain, stress –> increase ADH secretion
17
Q

Thyroid gland (4)

A
  • follicular cells produce hormones and store them in follicles - T3 and T4
  • parafollicular cells (C-cells) produce calcitonin
  • T3 and T4 - increase basal metabolic rate, protein synthesis and growth. They are controlled by TRH and TSH
  • Calcitonin - inhibits osteoclasts - strengthens bones, decreased blood Ca2+
18
Q

Parathyroid glands (4)

A
  • release PTH –> increases blood Ca2+ in 3 ways:
    1. increases number and activity of osteoclasts that break down bone
    2. Slows loss of Ca2+ and Mg2+ in urine
    3. Promotes production of calcitriol (vitamin D) –> increases rate of Ca2+, Mg2+ and HO4P-2 absorption –> increase blood Ca2+
19
Q

Pancreas (3)

A
  • exocrine and endocrine
  • alpha cells –> glucagon
  • beta cells –> insulin
20
Q

Actions of insulin and glucagon

A

Low blood glucose stimulate glucagon release
Glucagon stimulates liver to release glucose –> increase blood glucose

High blood glucose levels stimulate insulin release
Insulin increases glucose transport into skeletal muscle and adipose cells –> decrease blood glucose
Insulin promotes amino acid uptake, protein synthesis and lipid storage

21
Q

Adrenal glands

A

Adrenal cortex: 3 zones make steroids
Zona glomerulosa - Outer zone –> mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
Zona fasciculata - Middle zone –> glucocorticoids (cortisol)
Zona reticularis - Inner zone –> androgens (testosterone)

Adrenal medulla: produces epinephrine (adrenalin) and norepinephrine

22
Q

Mineralocorticoids (3)

A
  • aldosterone
  • stimulates sodium and water reabsorption from urine to blood
  • stimulates excretion of potassium into urine
23
Q

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway

A
  1. Decreased BP
  2. Release Renin from kidney
  3. Renin acts on Angiotensinogen to form Angiotensin I
  4. In lungs, angiotensin converting enzyme causes angiotensin I –> angiotensin II
  5. Angiotensin II stimulates aldosterone release
24
Q

Glucocorticoid actions (6)

A
  • increases rate of protein breakdown
  • stimulates liver formation of glucose
  • breaks down triglycerides in adipose
  • anti-inflammatory effects
  • depresses immune system
  • regulated by negative feedback: CRH and ACTH

ex: cortisol

25
Q

Androgens (2)

A
  • at puberty: stimulate axillary and pubic hair growth, contribute to adolescent growth spurt
  • in females –> contribute to libido, are converted to estrogens by other body tissues
26
Q

Adrenal Medulla (3)

A
  • part of sympathetic nervous system
  • releases epinephrine and norepinephrine
  • actions mimic sympathetic nerves in stress –> increases HR and BP, increases blood glucose, dilates airways
27
Q

Pineal gland (4)

A
  • small gland attached to roof of third ventricle of brain
  • produces melatonin
  • sets body’s biological clock
  • more released in darkness, less in sunlight
28
Q

Stages of stress response

A

When successful leads to extra physiological capacity and long-term adaptation

  1. Initial “fight-or-flight” response - aldosterone (raise blood pressure)
  2. Resistance (slower)
  3. Exhaustion (may occur eventually)
29
Q

Aging (7)

A
  • Loss of negative feedback sensitivity so decline in circulating thyroid hormones
  • PTH levels rise –> loss of bone mass
  • Less glucocorticoid production
  • Slower release of insulin
  • Thymus declines after puberty
  • Ovarian response to gonadotropin stops
  • Slow decline in testosterone production

Endocrinology (11 decks)

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