Introduction

Question 1

Define epidemiology

Answer 1

It is a basic science elf public health
It is the study of the distribution and determinants of healt related events in a specified population and application of the study to control health problems

Question 2

When cases are beyond the norma expected level there is an?

Answer 2

Epidemic

At times, a single case of a disease represents an epidemic cuz no one is supposed to have that disease

Question 3

Define a pandemic

Answer 3

When an epidemic exceeds global boundaries

Question 4

Importance of epidemiology

Answer 4

Demonstrated what makes one likely to develop a certain disease

Identifies preventive methods for factors related to abuse

Question 5

Epidemiology is sometimes called population medicine. Why?

Answer 5

Cuz it deals with the whole population or keeps everyone safe while clinical medicine deals with one or one in one car or patient centered care or individual being safe

Question 6

What is meant by distribution

Answer 6

How the disease is being spread, the pattern of the disease, the frequency of the disease

Question 7

What is meant by determinant

Answer 7

What is causing the disease. Anything that brings about a change in a health related state.

Question 8

Determinants are also called

Answer 8

Exposures or risk factors

Question 9

Define outcomes

Answer 9

Results that occur because of an exposure

Question 10

In prepathogenesis what occurs and what is its relationship to prevention in epidemiology

Answer 10

Agent interacts with the environment
It’s relation to prevention in epidemiology is the secondary prevention
So as the agent interacts with the environment, secondary prevention tries to make sure the agent doesn’t cause disease

Question 11

In pathogenesis what occurs

Answer 11

Agent interacts with host. Agent is the exposure

Question 12

Explain primary prevention

Answer 12

It focuses on how to make sure you don’t come into contact with the pathogen.
It does this by public awareness and vaccination and promote health behaviors and environment
The people who execute it is the public health and primary health care

Question 13

Explain secondary prevention

Answer 13

It focuses on how to make sure someone who has already been exposed to the pathogen doesn’t end up making it progress into a disease

It focuses on the at risk population

1.It happens by detecting the disease at its early stage (early intervention )
2. By contact tracing
3.Risk factor control:
Lifestyle
Medications
4. Screening

People who execute it
Primary health care
Public health

Question 14

Explain tertiary healthcare

Answer 14

Focuses on how to manage someone who already has the disease in order to prevent it from getting complicated and the person dying
This is done by treatment and acute care,disease management,rehabilitation

It’s executed by hospital care , public health, primary health care,specialist services,community care

Question 15

What is an epidemic

Answer 15

the occurrence in a community or region of cases of an illness, specific health-related behavior, or other health-related events clearly in excess of normal expectancy

Question 16

Epi means?
Demos means?
Logy means?

Epidemiology is a basic science of public health true o false

Answer 16

Epi -upon
Demos-people
Logy- study of

True

Question 17

Importance of epidemiology

Answer 17

demonstrate the risks associated with smoking, as well as to exposure to second-hand cigarette smoke a

• identify factors related to violence/abuse and suggest methods for its prevention.
• identify factors associated with obesity and substance abuse

Question 18

What is distribution and what are the two terms under it and explain

Answer 18

Variations in occurrence of health-related state or event in populations
•Most affected population subgroups

• Frequency – occurrences within a given time period
• Pattern – occurrence by time, place and personal characteristics

Question 19

Frequency of distribution is measure by

Answer 19

•Measured by rates and risks

Question 20

Define determinants and exposures

Answer 20

Any factor that brings about change in a health-related state or event
•Biologic agents (e.g., bacteria and viruses),
•Chemical agents (e.g., toxic pesticides and chemical carcinogens), and
•Less specific factors (e.g., stress and deleterious lifestyle practices).

• Exposures – contact with a disease-causing factor
• Epidemiology searches for associations between exposures and health outcomes

Question 21

What are outcomes and how can they be expressed

Answer 21

All the possible results that may stem from exposure to a causal factor
•Diseases/Disability/Injury
•Death/survival/improved health
•Other conditions associated with personal behaviour/lifestyle

Can be expressed as:
Morbidity (illnesses due to a specific disease or health condition)
•Mortality (death)

Question 22

What is quantification

Answer 22

Counting of cases health-related states or events

•Use of statistical measures to describe the occurrence of health outcomes as well as to measure their association with exposures

Question 23

How are health problems controlled

Answer 23

Health promotion

•Alleviation of adverse health outcomes (e.g., infectious and chronic diseases

Question 24

How are diseases prevented

Answer 24

Epidemiologic methods applied in developing
•Health needs assessment
•Prevention programmes
•Health policy developmen

Question 25

The levels of disease prevention
Primary:prevents disease onset
Secondary: Detect disease at its early stages and reduce progression and effects
Tertiary: Reduce complications and mortality in advanced disease

Correspond to which of the natural history of diseases?

Answer 25

Primary-Course of disease from beginning to clinical endpoint
•Agent-Environment-Host
•
Secondary -Prepathogenesis
•Agent (e.g bacterium) in the environment)

• tertiary-Pathogenesis
• Agent interacts with the host (person)

Question 26

The epidemiological approach involves answering which questions

Answer 26

What? – Case definition
•Clinical or other criteria
•Who? – Person
•People and their characteristics (inherent, acquired, socioeconomic conditions, beliefs and behaviours)
•Where? – Place
•Geographical differences or extent
•When? – Time
•Past and future trends
•Why? – Cause
•Causality and associations

Question 27

Name the uses of epidemiology

Answer 27

Historical use(Patterns, types, and causes of morbidity and mortality over time):
Epidemiologic & demographic transitions and nutrition transitions
•Community health use
Diagnose the health of the community
•Health services use
Working of health services
•Risk assessment use
Estimation of disease, accident, or defect risks
•Disease causality use
Causes and associations o f health and disease

Question 28

Explain community health use of epidemiology

Answer 28

Diagnose the health of the community and condition of the people
•Measure the true dimensions and distribution of ill-health in terms of incidence, prevalence, disability and mortality
•Set health problems in perspective and define their relative importance
•Identify groups needing special attention

• Factors – age and sex distribution, ethnicity/race,SES, etc
• Outcomes – life expectancy, social conditions, morbidity and mortatlity

Question 29

Explain health’s services use of epidemiology and operations research

Answer 29

Study the working of health services for improvement

• Operations research – study of placement of health services in a community and the optimum utilization of such services.
• Quantification of information regarding the availability and cost of healthcare services
• Planners in determining what services are needed in the community

Question 30

Explain risk assessment use,risk factor,risk

Answer 30

Estimate from the group experience what are the individual risks on average of disease, accident and defect, and the chances of avoiding them
•Risk
•the probability that an event will occur
•e.g., that an individual will become ill or die within a stated period of time or by a certain age.
•A risk factor
•an exposure that is associated with a disease, morbidity, mortality, or adverse health outcome
•E.g cigarette smoking

Question 31

Explain disease casualty use

Answer 31

Searching for the causes of health and disease by computing the experience of groups defined by their composition, inheritance and experience, their behaviour and environments

• Set critera must be satisfied to determine causality
• Possible causal associations evaluated by use of Analytic study designs – case-control and cohort studies; natural experiments, randomized controlled trials and community trials

Question 32

Skills acquired in the study of epidemiology

Answer 32

Use of the interdisciplinary approach
• Mathematics and biostatistics • History • Sociology • Demography and geography • Behavioral sciences • Law
2. Use of the scientific method
• theories • hypotheses • empirical data
3. Enhancement of critical thinking ability
• Reasoning by analogy and deduction • Problem solving
4. Use of quantitative and computer methods
5. Communication skills
•dissemination of info
6. Inculcation of aesthetic values
•beauty of epidemiologic literature

Question 33

What did hippocrates do in 460-377 BC

Answer 33

Departed from superstitious beliefs of disease etiology
•Environmental factors caused disease
•Air
•Water
•Food

Question 34

What did Italy Galen do

Answer 34

129–199 AD)
•Theory of ‘miasma’ or bad air causing disease
•Malodorous and poisonous particles created by decomposing organic
•“. . . disease was transmitted by a miasm, or cloud, that clung low on the surface of the earth.”

• The idea of disease being preventable
• Keen sense of sanitation
• Baths, sewers and aqueducts were construc

Question 35

What happened in the

Middle Ages during Black Death

Answer 35

Thought to be an epidemic of bubonic plague, a bacterial disease caused by Yersinia pestis.
•Painful swellings of the lymph nodes (buboes)
•Fever and the appearance of black splotches on the skin

• Transmitted through bites of fleas, harbored by birds, rats and other types of rodents can transmit plague.
• Theories of disease causation – miasma vs contagion

Middle Ages (approximately 500–1450)
Black Death (1346 -1352)

Question 36

What did John Graunt do

Answer 36

Descriptive characteristics of birth and death data, including seasonal variations, infant mortality, and excess male over female mortality.
•First to employ quantitative methods to describe population vital statistics by organizing mortality data in a mortality table.
•Graunt has been called the Columbus of statistics.

Question 37

WhT did James Lind do

Answer 37

British navy doctor.
•Credited with designing the first ever clinical trial
•Hypothesized a link between scurvy and lack of fruit intake.
•He enrolled 12 affected sailors
•Those given two oranges and a lemon per day made an almost complete recovery
•Years later scurvy was linked to lack of vitamin C

Question 38

What did Edward Jenner do

Answer 38

Developed first vaccine – against smallpox
•observed immunity from smallpox among dairymaids infected with cowpox
•Jenner created a vaccine by using material from the arm of an dairymaid, Sarah Nelmes, with active case of cowpox.
•In 1796, the vaccine was injected into the arm of an eight-year old boy, James Fipps, who was later exposed to smallpox and did not develop the disease.