Introduction

Question 1

What is statistics and biostatistics

Answer 1

Statistics is the study and use of the theory and methods of analysis and data arising from the random processes or phenomena. It is the branch of maths that deals with the collection,organization,analysis and interpretation of numerical data

Biostatistics: Branch of applied statistics directed toward the Application of statistics in the health sciences and biology

Question 2

What are the Scientific methods

Answer 2

Forming hypothesis
Designing experimental and observational studies
Gathering data 
Summarizing data
Drawing differences from data

Question 3

What is the different between the field of statistics and statistics

Answer 3

Field of statistics is the process used to obtain statistics while statistics refers to the numerical quantity computed from a sample data example, mean and median

Question 4

Field of statistics can be divided into two. Name and explain them

Answer 4

Mathematical stat: study and development of stat theory and method in the abstract

Applied stat: application of stat methods to solve real problems involving random data and the development of new stat methodology motivated by real stat data
Examples of branches of applied stat: psychometrics, econometrics, chemometrics.

Question 5

Difference between biostat and biometry

Answer 5

Biostat is the application of stat in the health sciences while biometry is the app of stat in the broader biology

Question 6

What are variables:

Answer 6

Element or factor that’s liable to change

Question 7

Find the mean , median and standard deviation of the following numbers

12.0,9.5,13.5,7.2,10.5,6.3,12.5

Answer 7

Mean-all the numbers divided by the total number of numbers
10.21

Median( arrange all the values in ascending order and choose the middle number for even number of values) 10.5

Standard deviation- find the mean, subtract each of the given values from the mean , divide the sum by the number of values given
Find the square route of the answer
Square root of 7.3
Answer is 2.509

Question 8

Importance of biostatistics

Answer 8

Helps to find factors that contribute to diseases or risk factors concerning diseases: since biostatistics is the application of statistics to the health sciences then as a PA if I want to know the risk factors concerning a disease, using statistics I will carry out an investigation to determine which people usually get the disease and what they do that causes them to get the disease. After getting the statistics then I will draw inferences from the data I collected and will be successful in finding the risk factors concerning that disease

Biostatistics helps researchers to go through scientific methods to find answers to problems that worry the health field

Biostatistics through statistical research helps one to find out the effectiveness of a drug. By using statistics I will be able to identify when a drug is effective, what conditions will not make the drug effective and if a drug is effect in that using clinical trials , if different people take the drug the statistics will show if the people reacted to the drug properly if yes, Yh drug is effective if no it’s not

Question 9

Name four methods of collecting data

Answer 9

Surveys
Experiments
Routine data forms
Registers

Question 10

Name two

Methods of summarizing data

Answer 10

Graph
Table
numerical

Question 11

Name two
Methods of making inferences from
Data

Answer 11

Test of association

Test of significant difference

Question 12

• A variable is a name, a symbol or a letter that is used to represent a data set. True or false
• A variable can take on several values; as against a constant which stays the same. True or false
• All characteristics that are measured or counted are called variables true or false

Answer 12

True
True
True

Question 13

Name the two types of data and variables

Answer 13

Numeric or quantitative

non numeric or qualitative

Question 14

Define data

Answer 14

Data are a set of numeric or non-numeric observations on characteristics of a target population.

Question 15

Types of numeric data and explain

Answer 15

Continuous data-
•are measurable;
•can assume an uninterrupted range of values.
•For example:
–age of patients in years
–weight of a new-born in grams and
–volume of urine in (mls) produced by a patient.

Discrete data-

are countable,
•possible values are distinct or separated.
•For example:
–the size of a family measured as number of children in a family
–the frequency of use of a health facility by a patient measured by number of times
–the number of days since onset of illness.

Question 16

What’s re non numeric data

Answer 16

Qualitative description of categories within a characteristic.

•For example:
–the blood group type of a patient
–temperature reading recorded as high or low or normal
–list of diagnosis made at a clinic will
–sex of a patient is recorded as “male” or “female.

Question 17

The manner in which the data are analysed and the amount of information obtained depend in part on the

Answer 17

Scale or level(nominal, ordinal,interval or ratio) on which data is measured

Question 18

Name four scales of measurement of variables

Answer 18

NOMINAL ; categorical, dichotomous, qualitative
•ORDERED (ORDINAL); similar to the nominal scale but has inherent or predetermined order in the categories.
•INTERVAL scale: Similar to the ordinal scale, however, distances between two points on the scale are of known sizes, and the ZERO point is ARBITRARY;
•RATIO scale: Also similar to the interval scale, but the ZERO point is DEFINITE

Question 19

Define nominal scale and give one example

Answer 19

The data may simply represent categories. In which case they are referred to as being nominal either, dichotomous, or also as qualitative.
For example:
the sex of patient: males and females
blood group: A, B, AB, and O.

Question 20

Define ordinal scale

Answer 20

the recorded data represent an ordering, then the data are said to be ordinal. It is similar to the nominal scale but has inherent or predetermined order in the categories.
Eg: results of hospital management of a case could be;
considerable improvement
moderate improvement
no change

Question 21

Define interval scale

Answer 21

On this scale, distances between any two points on the scale are of known sizes, and the zero point is arbitrary. Example:
the temperature scale, the actual numerical value of the temperature scale is a comparison with an arbitrary point called ‘zero degree’

the apgar score for grading the health status of new-born.

Question 22

Define ratio scale

Answer 22

For quantitative data, on this scale, the zero point is definite i.e. the zero on the scale of measurement indicates absence of the attribute:
the age of patients
the blood pressure reading
the volume of urine produced by the p

Question 23

The units of measurement of data are important in determining whether the measurement is qualitative or quantitative.

Answer 23

True or false

Question 24

What kind of scales are for these examples
temperature of children examined at a health facility level
diseases diagnosed
•age of women who use contraceptives
•educational level of patients

Answer 24

Interval
Nominal
Ratio
Ordinal

Question 25

Name two main sources of data to the health personnel

Answer 25

The routinely generated data from the practice of the health personnel, which can be found in registers or patient’s notes and

•the data obtained from periodic or special research studies.

Question 26

Amen four examples of routine data collection forms

Answer 26

OPD forms
Death Register
Cancer register
Admission forms 
Diagnosis index card

Question 27

Name two sources of data collection methods

Answer 27

Primary sources-they are gotten directly from the source. Information from a patient Questionnaire
               Extraction from registers
               Telephone
               Sampling
               Randomization
•    Secondary source: Info from nurses notes, lab forms, births no death records
               Annual reports
               publications

Question 28

Importance of statistics

Answer 28

To guide the design of an experiment or survey prior to data collection
To analyze data using proper statistical procedures
To present and interpret the results
Shows the kind of statistical method to use and how to do it

Question 29

Data collection techniques name em

Answer 29

Using available information 
Observing
Interviewing 
Administering 
Written questionnaires

Question 30

Name one data collection tool each for the techniques

Answer 30

Using available info- checklist, data compilation form
Observing- senses, microscope, watch
Interviewing- interview guides

Question 31

Types of biostatistics

Answer 31

Descriptive : Methods of data collection
Methods of summarizing or describing data

Inferential: Test of significance and test of association

Question 32

The units of measurement of data are important in determining whether the measurement is qualitative or quantitative. When age is recorded as adult or child, we have qualitative data and measured as ordinal.

The type of measurement will determine whether in summarizing the data one would use a proportion or calculate a numerical summary index such as a mean.
True or false

Answer 32

True

Question 33

In sample surveys Data are collected from a fraction of the population in order to make inferences about the total population from which the sample was taken.
True or false

Answer 33

True

Question 34

sample which is badly selected or inadequately covered remain a biased one; however big it may be.
True or false

Answer 34

True

Question 35

Advantages of systematic sampling

Answer 35

The method is useful when there is a list of items in the population or if
•elements or items are arranged in rows like houses along a street. or
•patients arriving at a health service.
There is no bias cuz it’s a probability sample

Question 36

What is standard error

Answer 36

The standard error is a statistical term that measures the accuracy with which a sample distribution represents a population by using standard deviation. In statistics, a sample mean deviates from the actual mean of a population; this deviation is the standard error of the mean.

The standard error tells you how accurate the mean of any given sample from that population is likely to be compared to the true population mean. When the standard error increases, i.e. the means are more spread out, it becomes more likely that any given mean is an inaccurate representation of the true population mean.26 Sep 2018

Question 37

What is gravidity and pavidity

Answer 37

Gravidity is defined as the number of times that a woman has been pregnant. Parity is defined as the number of times that she has given birth to a fetus with a gestational age of 24 weeks or more, regardless of whether the child was born alive or was stillborn.21

Question 38

Name theee methods used to make inferences from data

Answer 38

Regression analysis
Hypothesis testing
Confidence intervals

Question 39

Example of type 1 and type 2 error

Answer 39

Type I error /false positive: is same as rejecting the null when it is true. Few Examples: (With the null hypothesis that the person is innocent), convicting an innocent person.

while a type II error is the non-rejection of a false null hypothesis (also known as a “false negative” finding or conclusion; example: “a guilty person is not convicted”).

Question 40

Why is geometric mean used than arithmetic mean

Answer 40

The geometric mean differs from the arithmetic average, or arithmetic mean, in how it is calculated because it takes into account the compounding that occurs from period to period. Because of this, investors usually consider the geometric mean a more accurate measure of returns than the arithmetic mean.
The arithmetic mean is more useful and accurate when it is used to calculate the average of a data set where numbers are not skewed and not dependent on each other. However, in the scenario where there is a lot of volatility in a data set, a geometric mean is more effective and more accurate.
www.educba.com › geometric-mean…

Question 41

Difference between median and mode

Answer 41

The median is described as the numeric value separating the higher half of a sample, a population, or a probability distribution, from the lower half. The mean is used for normal distributions. The median is generally used for skewed distributions.