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Physiology > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Total Body Water (TBW) in adults vs infants

A

60% in adult and 75% in infants

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2
Q

TBW in females and obese people

A

50% of weight

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3
Q

intracellular fluid % (water inside cells)

A

40% : 2/3 TBW

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4
Q

Extra cellular fluid %

A

20% : 1/3 TBW

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5
Q

Extra cellular fluid components

A

5% intravascular plasma (IVF)

15& extravascular intestinal fluid (ISF) (water outside vessels)

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6
Q

blood volume

A

8% of body weight

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7
Q

osmolality of ECF (concentration)

A

is equal to osmolality of ICF (300 mosmol/l)

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8
Q

main cation in ICF and EFC

A

ICF - K+

ECF - Na+

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9
Q

main anion in ICF and ECF

A

ICF - proteins, phosphate (50 mmol/L)

ECF - Cl- , HCo3-

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10
Q

fick’s principle

A

water volume = amount of indicator injected / concentration of indicator of plasma

in other words, AMOUNT = VOLUME X CONCENTRATION

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11
Q

application of indicator type for determination of total body water

A

heavy water, anti pyrine

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12
Q

application of indicator type for determination of ECF volume

A

inulin

radioactive Na, Cl, Br

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13
Q

application of indicator type for determination of plasma volume - IVF

A

evans blue

radioactive albumin

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14
Q

homeostasis

A

keeping conditions in internal environment (ISF surrounding cells) constant.

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15
Q

2 exchanges of homeostasis

A
  1. through cell membrane: between cells and ISF

2. through capillary membrane: between ISF & blood

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16
Q

total blood volume

A

8%

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17
Q

indicator in ricks principle must be

A

inert, non toxic, and not utilized by tissues

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18
Q

determination of ICF volume

A

TBW-ECF

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19
Q

determination of ISF volume

A

ECF-plasma volume

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20
Q

homeostasis- exchange through cell membrane

A

living cells take oxygen and food from interstitial fluid and cells give up CO2 and waste

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21
Q

homeostasis- exchange through capillary wall

A

oxygen and food move from blood to interstitial fluid and waste products go to blood

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22
Q

what happens to waste products

A

taken by blood and excreted by kidney

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23
Q

homeostasis is maintained by the control systems:

A
  1. stimulus
  2. receptor
  3. control center
  4. effector organ
  5. feed back mechanism

they detects and respond to changes.

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24
Q

negative feedback vs positive feedback in homeostasis

A

negative - almost all homeostasis mechanisms; change variable back to original state

positive- stimulus increases response in things that need to be finished quickly such as blood clotting.

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25
Q

cell membrane percentages

A 
protein - 55%
cholesterol - 13%
phospholipid - 25%
other lipids - 4%
carbohydrates - 3%
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26
Q

lipid bilayer vs cholesterol

A

lipid bilayer is flexible & selective permeability

cholesterol is tough and affects permeability

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27
Q

functions of carbohydrates on cell membrane

A

receptors, cell identity, intercellular connections

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28
Q

diffusion transport

A

passive = no energy

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29
Q

types of diffusion transport

A

Simple, Facilitated, Osmosis

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30
Q

diffusion is

A

from high to low concentration

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31
Q

simple diffusion requires

A

no carrier, no energy, no enzymes

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32
Q

how to calculate diffusion rate

A

concentration gradient x surface area x temperature / square root of molecular weight x distance of diffusion

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33
Q

molecules in simple diffusion pass through:

A
  1. lipid bilayer

2. protein channels

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34
Q

what passes through lipid bilayer in simple diffusion

A
  1. lipid soluble substances
  2. water molecules
  3. lipid insoluble molecules
35
Q

what passes through lipid bilayer in simple diffusion - lipid soluble substances

A

oxygen, nitrogen.

rate of diffusion = lipid solubility

36
Q

what passes through lipid bilayer in simple diffusion - water molecules

A

through lipid bilayer and protein channels

very small & high kinetic energy so go through membrane like a bullet

37
Q

what passes through lipid bilayer in simple diffusion - lipid insoluble molecules

A

same as water molecules IF they are small and uncharged such as urea

38
Q

protein channels in simple diffusion has the ability to

A

have ability to change its shape to allow passage of ions and water

39
Q

ions that are electrically charged can’t pass through and can pass through

A

can’t pass through lipid bilayer and can pass through protein channels

40
Q

to pass through protein channels, ions are

A

bonded with water and form hydrated ions of bigger size.

41
Q

hydrated ___ ions are bigger than hydrated ____ ions

A

Na+ bigger than K+

42
Q

Protein channels have

A

selective permeability; each channel has its diameter, shape and electrical charges

43
Q

gating of protein channels

A

non gated: open all the time

gated

44
Q

gates can be

A

on inner or outer surface on membrane

45
Q

how do you open a gated channel

A

by conformational (change in shape) of proteins

46
Q

gates are controlled by:

A

voltage gating and ligand gating

47
Q

gates are controlled by- voltage gating

A

respond to changes in electrical of membrane electrical potential
ex: Na+ channels

48
Q

gates are controlled by- ligand binding

A

binding of ligand to receptor opens protein channel.

49
Q

ligans are

A

acetyl choline and hormone (external) or G protein, cAMP, or Ca+ (internal)

50
Q

channel junctions/gap junctions is

A

simple diffusion

51
Q

gap junctions allow

A

rapid passage of ions and other light substances without entering intercellular space which permits rapid propagation of electrical activity from one cell membrane to another

52
Q

what are formed at junction arrangement of proteins

A

a connexion unit surrounding the channel

53
Q

diameter of the channel junctions/gap is regulated by

A

intracellular Ca++ , pH, hormones and drugs

54
Q

facilitated transport

A

needs carrier

55
Q

facilitated transport occurs

A

with concentration gradient

56
Q

facilitated transport is for

A

large molecules such as glucose and amino acids

57
Q

facilitated mechanism

A

carrier has large channel and specific receptor, closed from one side.
large molecules enter the channel and bind to the receptor and change the shape of protein which opens the closed side and releases the molecule

58
Q

characters of facilitated diffusion

A
  1. specific to certain substances
  2. sensitive to temperature
  3. competition between similar substances for same carrier
  4. has a maximum rate of diffusion
59
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion of water down its concentration gradient through a membrane permeable to H20 only

60
Q

osmotic pressure

A

pressure to stop osmosis or prevent solvent migration

61
Q

what does osmotic pressure depend on

A

number of molecules/unit volume of fluid

62
Q

how is osmotic pressure measured

A

mmHg

63
Q

osmole

A

number of particles in 1 gram of mole

64
Q

osmolarity

A

number of osmoles per liter

65
Q

osmolality

A

number of osmoles per kilogram

66
Q

in the body

A

osmolarity=osmolality

67
Q

tonicity

A

osmolarity of solution in relation to plasma

68
Q

isotonic tonicity, hypotonic, hypertonic

A

iso- same as plasma
hypo- lower than plasma
hyper- higher

69
Q

active transport

A

is against the concentration gradient so needs carrier and ATP

70
Q

uniport and ex

A

transport of one substance in one direction (Ca++ pump_

71
Q

symport and ex

A

transport of 2 substances in one direction (Na & glucose in intestinal lumen)

72
Q

antiport and ex

A

transport of 2 substances in 2 opposite directions (Na/K pump)

73
Q

cotransport

A

symport and antiport

74
Q

primary active transport is present in

A

cell membrane - Na/K pump

75
Q

alpha subunit for

beta subunit for

A

alpha- Na, K, ATP (binding)

beta- ATPase activity (breakdown of ATP)

76
Q

Active transport ex

A

energy is released by breakdown of ATP to do the Na, K transport which brings 3 Na outside the cell and 2 K inside.

77
Q

Na is high in ___ and K is

A

Na is high in ECF and K is high in ICF

78
Q

Primary active transport helps in

A
  1. maintaining high Na in ECF and high K in ICF
  2. electronic pump (resting membrane potential)
  3. control cell volume and prevent cell rupture
79
Q

secondary active transport

A

glucose transport is secondary to active Na transport.

80
Q

secondary active transport mechanism

A

Na is transported by active pump outside the cell and Na and glucose bind to the same carrier and transported inside the cell with the concentration gradient. Glucose is then transported outside the cell by a carrier

81
Q

Donnans effect

A

proteins are large diffusible anions (carry - charge) inside the cell and they inhibit the efflux of K and favor the efflux of Cl-

82
Q

donnan states that

A

more ions are present within the cell

83
Q

donnans effect: equilibrium

A

more osmotic particles in the cell switch up the Na/K pump which prevent rupture of cells

Physiology (2 decks)

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