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pathology > introduction > Flashcards

introduction Flashcards

1
Q

health

A

state in which an individual is living in complete harmony with his/her environment

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2
Q

DISEASE

A

state in which an individual exhibits an anatomical, physiological, or biochemical deviation from the normal.

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3
Q

General pathology

A

Refers to the study of the basic alterations in tissues. These are changes that apply to most of the organs or tissues of the body and include such things as atrophy, necrosis and inflammation

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4
Q

Systemic pathology

A

Refers to the study of the diseases of the organ systems of the body such as the respiratory system, digestive system and nervous system. It is the application of knowledge of general pathology in order to study specific diseases, organ by organ

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5
Q

BRANCHES OF PATHOLOGY

A

-Gross pathology (macroscopic pathology, pathological anatomy, morbid anatomy)
-Cellular pathology (microscopic pathology, histopathology)
-Surgical pathology
-Clinical pathology (Laboratory Medicine)
-Immunopathology
Chemical pathology

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6
Q

TWO MANY CATEGORIES OF DISEASE

A

Acute disease,Chronic disease

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7
Q

Acute disease

A

characterised by sudden onset and short duration

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8
Q

Chronic disease

A

characterised by insidious onset and protracted course.

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9
Q

TYPES OF AGENTS CAUSING DISEASE

A
  1. Infectious organisms
  2. Physical
  3. Chemical
  4. Nutritional
  5. Genetic defects
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10
Q

Infectious organisms

A
  • Viruses • Bacteria • Fungi

* Parasites

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11
Q

. Physical

A
  • Trauma
  • Pressure • Heat
  • Cold
  • Radiation
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12
Q

Chemical

A
  • Toxic organic and inorganic substances

* Toxins produced by infectious organisms

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13
Q

Nutritional

A
  • Deficiencies of vitamins and trace elements

* Excess of particular diets e.g. lipids, sugar, etc

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14
Q

Genetic defects

A

There is a very wide range of potential defects; some are incompatible with life whilst others affect specific systems within the body

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15
Q

Lesions

A

structural or morphological alterations associated with a diseased state in an individual

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16
Q

gross lesions)

A

recognized with the naked-eye

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17
Q

microscopic lesions

A

light microscope

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18
Q

electron microscope

A

ultra-structural lesions

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19
Q

Pathognomonic Lesion

A

is a change that is specifically characteristic of a disease.

20
Q

Clinical signs

A

functional evidence of disease that can be determined objectively by the observer

21
Q

clinical symptoms

A

functional evidence of disease that can be determined subjectively by the patient

22
Q

Syndrome

A

refers to a group of symptoms and other changes in the body’s functions which, when taken together, show that a particular disease is present

23
Q

Prognosis

A

probable outcome of a disease in a living

individual”.

24
Q

Outcomes of prognosis include

A

➢ Complete recovery

➢ Partial healing ➢ Death

25
Q

Diagnosis

A

determination of the nature of a disease expressed in

a concise manner

26
Q

Autopsy

A

Refers to gross examination of the cadaver by systematic dissection in order to evaluate any abnormal changes (lesions) that may be present

27
Q

Biopsy

A

refers to the removal and examination of tissue obtained from the living body

28
Q

Somatic death

A

refers to death of the entire body; there is cessation of all body functions.The absence of heart beat, pulse, respiration or brain waves has been used to define somatic death

29
Q

Postmortem changes

A

refer to cell death which accompanies or occurs after death of the entire body (somatic death).

30
Q

Post mortem autolysis

A

refers to self-digestion by enzymes that are present within or released into the cytoplasm of cells after death. It is due to total diffuse anoxia

31
Q

Post mortem putrefaction

A

(rotting) refers to the decomposition of tissues by bacterial enzymes after death of the entire body

32
Q

Livor mortis

A

refers to the discolouration of dependent parts of the body after death as a result of red blood cell destruction. It is seen as the “gravitational settling of blood” in the lower (dependent) parts of the body after death.

33
Q

Algor mortis

A

refers to the cooling of the body after death

34
Q

Ana

A

back, again, up (anaplasia

35
Q

Dys

A

bad , difficult, defective, abnormal (dysplasia)

36
Q

Hyper

A

excessive (hypertension)

37
Q

Hypo

A

deficient (hypotension)

38
Q

Meta

A

after, beyond, change (metaplasia)

39
Q

Neo

A

new (neoplasia

40
Q

FACTORS INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DISEASE

A
  • The host
  • The disease-causing agent(s
  • Environmental factors
41
Q

FOUR ASPECTS OF DISEASE PROCESS THAT FORM THE CORE OF PATHOLOGY

A
  1. Etiology/Aetiology/Cause
  2. Pathogenesis
  3. Molecular & Morphological Changes
  4. Functional derangements and Clinical Manifestations
  5. Complications and sequelae
42
Q

Etiology/Aetiology/Cause

A

study of the cause of a disease

43
Q

Pathogenesis

A

Sequence of events in the response of cells or tissues to etiologic agen

44
Q

Molecular & Morphological Changes

A

Structural alterations induced in cells and tissues of body that either characteristic of disease or diagnostic of an etiologic process

45
Q

Functional derangements and Clinical Manifestations

A

functional consequences of the morphologic change which determine clinical features(Symptoms & Signs),

46
Q

Complications and sequelae

A

Infections spreading to different organs or other areas of the body
Tumours metastasising

pathology (9 decks)

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