introduction Flashcards
health
state in which an individual is living in complete harmony with his/her environment
DISEASE
state in which an individual exhibits an anatomical, physiological, or biochemical deviation from the normal.
General pathology
Refers to the study of the basic alterations in tissues. These are changes that apply to most of the organs or tissues of the body and include such things as atrophy, necrosis and inflammation
Systemic pathology
Refers to the study of the diseases of the organ systems of the body such as the respiratory system, digestive system and nervous system. It is the application of knowledge of general pathology in order to study specific diseases, organ by organ
BRANCHES OF PATHOLOGY
-Gross pathology (macroscopic pathology, pathological anatomy, morbid anatomy)
-Cellular pathology (microscopic pathology, histopathology)
-Surgical pathology
-Clinical pathology (Laboratory Medicine)
-Immunopathology
Chemical pathology
TWO MANY CATEGORIES OF DISEASE
Acute disease,Chronic disease
Acute disease
characterised by sudden onset and short duration
Chronic disease
characterised by insidious onset and protracted course.
TYPES OF AGENTS CAUSING DISEASE
- Infectious organisms
- Physical
- Chemical
- Nutritional
- Genetic defects
Infectious organisms
- Viruses • Bacteria • Fungi
* Parasites
. Physical
- Trauma
- Pressure • Heat
- Cold
- Radiation
Chemical
- Toxic organic and inorganic substances
* Toxins produced by infectious organisms
Nutritional
- Deficiencies of vitamins and trace elements
* Excess of particular diets e.g. lipids, sugar, etc
Genetic defects
There is a very wide range of potential defects; some are incompatible with life whilst others affect specific systems within the body
Lesions
structural or morphological alterations associated with a diseased state in an individual
gross lesions)
recognized with the naked-eye
microscopic lesions
light microscope
electron microscope
ultra-structural lesions
Pathognomonic Lesion
is a change that is specifically characteristic of a disease.
Clinical signs
functional evidence of disease that can be determined objectively by the observer
clinical symptoms
functional evidence of disease that can be determined subjectively by the patient
Syndrome
refers to a group of symptoms and other changes in the body’s functions which, when taken together, show that a particular disease is present
Prognosis
probable outcome of a disease in a living
individual”.
Outcomes of prognosis include
➢ Complete recovery
➢ Partial healing ➢ Death
Diagnosis
determination of the nature of a disease expressed in
a concise manner
Autopsy
Refers to gross examination of the cadaver by systematic dissection in order to evaluate any abnormal changes (lesions) that may be present
Biopsy
refers to the removal and examination of tissue obtained from the living body
Somatic death
refers to death of the entire body; there is cessation of all body functions.The absence of heart beat, pulse, respiration or brain waves has been used to define somatic death
Postmortem changes
refer to cell death which accompanies or occurs after death of the entire body (somatic death).
Post mortem autolysis
refers to self-digestion by enzymes that are present within or released into the cytoplasm of cells after death. It is due to total diffuse anoxia
Post mortem putrefaction
(rotting) refers to the decomposition of tissues by bacterial enzymes after death of the entire body
Livor mortis
refers to the discolouration of dependent parts of the body after death as a result of red blood cell destruction. It is seen as the “gravitational settling of blood” in the lower (dependent) parts of the body after death.
Algor mortis
refers to the cooling of the body after death
Ana
back, again, up (anaplasia
Dys
bad , difficult, defective, abnormal (dysplasia)
Hyper
excessive (hypertension)
Hypo
deficient (hypotension)
Meta
after, beyond, change (metaplasia)
Neo
new (neoplasia
FACTORS INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DISEASE
- The host
- The disease-causing agent(s
- Environmental factors
FOUR ASPECTS OF DISEASE PROCESS THAT FORM THE CORE OF PATHOLOGY
- Etiology/Aetiology/Cause
- Pathogenesis
- Molecular & Morphological Changes
- Functional derangements and Clinical Manifestations
- Complications and sequelae
Etiology/Aetiology/Cause
study of the cause of a disease
Pathogenesis
Sequence of events in the response of cells or tissues to etiologic agen
Molecular & Morphological Changes
Structural alterations induced in cells and tissues of body that either characteristic of disease or diagnostic of an etiologic process
Functional derangements and Clinical Manifestations
functional consequences of the morphologic change which determine clinical features(Symptoms & Signs),
Complications and sequelae
Infections spreading to different organs or other areas of the body
Tumours metastasising
