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Gem > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Source

A

A gem- producing country or area ,or a particular mine in that area

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2
Q

Inorganic

A

Composed of ,or arising from ,non-living matter.

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3
Q

Organic

A

Composed of, or arising form, non-living matter.

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4
Q

Natural gems

A

Gems produced by natural processes, without human help .

Gems within the earth or from animals

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5
Q

Atoms

A

The basic structural unit of all matter

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6
Q

Chemical elements

A

A substance that consists of atoms of only one kind

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7
Q

Chemical composition

A

Kinds and relative quantities of atoms that make up a material.

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8
Q

Facet

A

A flash ,polished surface on a finished gem.

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9
Q

Color gems

A

Chemical elements consist of only one kind of atom, and combinations of them make up .

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10
Q

Red ruby

A

Chromium atoms

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11
Q

Crystal

A

Aluminum and oxygen

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12
Q

Emerald

A

Beryllium silicons, aluminum and oxygen atoms.

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13
Q

Gems

A

Gems are minerals

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14
Q

Being a gem

A

1: beautiful
2: durable
3: rare

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15
Q

Mineral

A

A natural, inorganic substance with a characteristic chemical composition and usually characteristic structure.

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16
Q

Rock

A

A natural material composed of masses of mineral crystals of one or more kinds.
Marble
Lapis lazuli : lazulite , calcite, pyrite

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17
Q

Silicate

A 
A mineral that contains the elements silicone and oxygen 
Quartz  
Beryl  
Garnet  
Tourmaline 
Jadeite 
Spodumene 
Opal
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18
Q

Crystal structure

A

Regular, repeating internal arrangement of atoms in a material.
Crystal can be man made or natural
Most transparent gems are cut from one large crystal
Turquoise: many tiny cyclists
Lapis lazuli : mixture of different mineral crystals

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19
Q

Amorphous

A

Lacking a regular crystal structure.
Amber
Opal

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20
Q

Gem species

A

A broad gem category based on chemical composition and crystal structure.
Beryl made up beryllium, aluminium , oxygen and silicon atoms.

Zirconia: blue , green ,
Peridot: yellowish green or greenish yellow

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21
Q

Gemologist classify gems into bored categories called species .

A

Spinal , zirconia , chrysoberyl, corundum

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22
Q

Gem variety

A

A subcategory of species, based on color ,transparency or phenomena

Zirconia: blue , green ,
Peridot: yellowish green or greenish yellow
Aquarium most known blue variety
Emerald green

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23
Q

Phenomenon

A

An unusual optical effect displayed by a gem
Star sapphire
Blue sheen moonstone

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24
Q

Group

A

A family of gems from several closely related mineral species.
Garnet : almandine has iron .pyrope, contains magnesium. spessartine ,grossular and andradite .
Feldspar
Tourmaline

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25
Q

Most Colored Stone mining are small in scale , worked by individual miners who are working to feed their families.

A

Many colred Stones are mined by independent miners using small-scale mining methods.

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26
Q

Best selling colord Stones

A

Blue sapphire , Tanzanite, Ruby , emerald, cultured pearl , tourmaline, opal , amethyst and red garnet

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27
Q

Disclosure

A

Clearly and accurately informing customers about the nature of goods they buy

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28
Q

Treatment gem

A

Improves the marketability and availability of gems

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29
Q

Changing sources

A

Effect on gem’s price , availability and popularity

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30
Q

Gemstone

A

Beautiful, rare ,durability and supply and demand

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31
Q

Rocks

A

The raw material of gemstone formation

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32
Q

Gems form

A

Right chemical
Right temperature
Extract them from earth

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33
Q

Geology

A

Science of earth

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34
Q

Sapphire

Basalt

A

Rubi

Marble

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35
Q

Crust

A

The surface and outermost layer of the earth .

Thickness is7km to 40 km

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36
Q

Mantale

A

A layer between the earth’s crust and its core
About 2.885 k.m
They are usually melted ,

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37
Q

Core

A

Beneath the mantle is core . The earth eaner layer . About 2,270
Mostly composed of iron, some nickel

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38
Q

Magma

A

General term for any molten rock

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39
Q

Plate

A

A section of the earth’s rigid outer crust

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40
Q

Plate tectonics

A

Study of the formation, structure,and the movement of the plates of the earth’s crust .
Plate tectonics explains the pattern of mountain rages, volcanoes, oceans and gem across the earth’s surface.

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41
Q

Mantle convention

A

The circulation in the mantle that drives the movement of the earth’s plates .

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42
Q

Mantle convection cusese

A

The opening of giant fissures in the earth’s crust, in areas that geologists call speeding rigids. Best known is Mid-Atlantic Ridge

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43
Q

Producing the best gem formation

A

Depending on the part of the cycle that melts and recycles the earth’s crust.

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44
Q

Subduction

A

A process that occurs when two of earth’s plates collide,forcing one under the other . Best known is western coast of South America

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45
Q

Organic belt

A

Widespread area in the earth’s crust where tectonics events cause major structural changes, often forming mountain range.
Himalayan mountain

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46
Q

Afghanistan and Pakistan

A

Emerald and rubies

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47
Q

Kashmir

A

Blue sapphire

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48
Q

Peridot and sapphire produced

A

When molten rock transport them from deep to crust

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49
Q

Corundum produced

A

Southeast Asia, Thailand, Vietnam and China are associated with volcanic rock

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50
Q

Rock cycling

A

Igneous
Metamorphic
Sedimentary

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51
Q

Igneous rock large one slow cooling

A

Small crystal rapid cooling

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52
Q

Igneous rock

A

Rock formed by crystallisation of molten material.
Granite : silicon, oxygen and aluminum continental crust Has large crystal
Topaz - tourmaline- spodumene

Basalt : iron and magnesium Oceanic crust
Tiny crystal
Peridot- doesn’t produce the Gem

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53
Q

Metamorphic rock

A

Rock that have been altered by heat and ,pressure.

Ruby- sapphire-garnet-lapis lazuli

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54
Q

Schist

A

Metamorphic rock with district alignment of mineral grain.
Zimbabwe , Brazil ,zambia ,Madagascar
Provide word’s largest commercial emerald source

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55
Q

Sedimentary rock

A

Rock produced from the eroded and weathered remains of exciting rock.
Limestone, sandstone, quartz
Opal , malachite, turquoise
Sedimentary rock has one thing in common. The action of water.
Water goes through the rock and dissolve the mineral.the right action makes turquoise.
Although gems like ruby,sapphire,peridot and zircon are associated with volcanic rocks , scientists believe they come up from great depths as passenger

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56
Q

Moonstone

A

From igneous and type of feldspar, directly from volcanic rock. Best is from Sri lanka

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57
Q

Volcanic

A

Igneous activity at the earth surface, where magma erupts through a volcano or fissure.

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58
Q

Igneous formation

A

Volcanic
Pegmatites
Superheated water

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59
Q

Sapphires are weathered from basalt

A

Alkali basalt come from deeper level.

The oceanic crust that be source .

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60
Q

Xenocryst

A

A foreign crystal that forms in unrelated rocks and brought to the surface as a passenger in magma.
Sapphire … alkali

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61
Q

Pegmatite

A

An igneous rock formed from cooling, molten granite that follows fractures and its surrounding rock.
Granite have exotic elements lithium , beryllium, boron ,magnesium and fluoride
They are not become part of feldspar
Most important pegmatite source is Minas Gerais in Brazil which produces aquamarine- tourmaline

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62
Q

Pockets of gem mineral

A

The exotic elements crystal last, forming

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63
Q

Volatile

A

Exotic elements

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64
Q

Gem-bearing

A

Small present age of pegmatites are …
tourmaline
Kunzite
Aquamarine

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65
Q

Vein

A

A mineral deposit that occupies fissures or fracture in the rock.
Amethyst, topaz emerald , Columbia, Brazil, imperial Topaz

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66
Q

Intrusion

A

Large mass of igneous rock that crystallizes underground without reaching the surface.

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67
Q

Superheated water

A

Transfer elements like beryllium and silicon and build a gem

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68
Q

Hydrothermal fluid

A

Hot, high pressure solution that can dissolve, transport and deposit minerals from one place to another.

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69
Q

Metamorphic formation

A

Regional metamorphic
Contact metamorphic
Metasomatic

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70
Q

Regional metamorphism

A

Changes in rock type and minerals over a wide area caused by heat and pressure of large scale geological event

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71
Q

Contact metamorphism

A

Where the magma meets the surrounding rock.

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72
Q

Metasomatism

A

A type of metamorphism where chemical changes in the minerals and rocks result from the introduction of material from external sources, often as hydrothermal solutions.
Chemical changes mineral rock .
Mozambique fine rubi

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73
Q

Sedimentary formation

A

Gems formed by water near earth’s surface

Geode formation

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74
Q

Geode formation

A

spherical, often hollow, mineral-lined cavity in rock.
Quartz
Amethyst

75
Q

artisanal miners

A

An independent gem or mineral prospector who typically uses small-scale, nonmechanized recovery methods.
MRM Mozambique Montequez Ruby
Gem Fileds Zambian

76
Q

Mining effected

A 
Demand  
Political climate 
Labor cost  
Environment 
Accessibility 
Deposit  and mining methods
77
Q

Overburden

A

The material covering a gem deposit that must be removed before production can begin.
Drill
Rotating spinal
Screw

78
Q

Paleo channel

A

As ancient waterways changed direction over millions of years , they left dry and buried traces of those direction changes in so called
Mozambique MRM ruby

79
Q

Ruby traps

A

High specific gravity collect at the bottom of depressions

80
Q

Primary deposit

Hard rock

A 
Gems found in the rocks that they formed in  
Columbian emerald 
Paraiba tourmaline 
Tanzanite  
Pegmatite are important primary source
81
Q

Drills help

A

Mine structure

Supporting underground rock layer geology

82
Q

Secondary deposit

A 
Gems found away form their primary source  
Mind first  
Gem material are concentrated 
Higher quality 
Does not require costly equipment 
Minas Gerais Brazil  
Jadeite Myanmar
83
Q

Alluvial

A 
A deposit where gems are eroded from the source rock but remain in place close to the source. 
Sapphire 
Spinal  
Tourmaline 
Aquamarine
84
Q

Eluvial deposit

A

A deposit where gems are eroded from the source rock but remain in place close to the source.

85
Q

Placer

A

Workable alluvial deposit of gem minerals with economic potential.
Sir Lanka
Tanzania

86
Q

Unit cell

A

The smallest group of atoms with characteristics chemical and chemical composition

87
Q

Chemical elements Space for growth cooling time

A

Effect on shape size and color

88
Q

Flux

A

Specific ingredients for synthetic crystal

89
Q

Crystal form

A

Grow condition have to change - flux to cool - until the flux couldn’t hold more ingredients

90
Q

Nucleation

A

The atoms begin come together

91
Q

If flux cool quickly

A

The rate of nucleation is higher - than the crystal growth so small crystal - high saturated flux so small crystal

92
Q

If flux cool slowly

A

The rate of crystal growth is higher than the rate of nucleation so large crystal- less saturated bigger crystal

93
Q

Aggregate

A

A mass of tiny crystal

94
Q

Microcrystalline

A

An aggregate crystal visible under magnification

Nephrite- jadeite- quartz

95
Q

Cryptocrystalline

A

An aggregate only visible under high magnification
Chalcedony
Turquoise

96
Q

Cubic

A

Diamonds
Garnet
Spinal
Fluoride

97
Q

Tetragonal

A

Zircon

98
Q

Trigonal

A

Rubi
Tourmaline
Quartz

99
Q

Triclinic

A

Amazonite
Rhodonite
Feldspar

100
Q

Hexagonal

A

Apatite

Beryl

101
Q

Orthorhombic

A

Tanzanite
Topaz
Period

102
Q

Monoclinic

A

Spodgumene

103
Q

Octahedron

A

Bigger cube

104
Q

Dodecahedron

A

12 sided cube

105
Q

Quartz

A

Oxygen- silicone

106
Q

Emerald

A 
Silicone 
Oxygen 
Aluminum 
Beryllium 
Chromium
107
Q

Twinning

A

Change gem direction growth

108
Q

Contact twin

A

Twinning crystal look likeone half - mirror image

109
Q

Twinning plane

A

Location of a change in a crystal growth direction

110
Q

Penetration twinning

A

Two crystal have grown through one another
Fluorite
Quartz

111
Q

Cycling twinning

A

When twinning planes are not parallel and resulting in a wheel shapped crystal

112
Q

Untwined
Polysynthetic
Lamellar twinning

A

When the rock formed and altered by pressure during metamorphism

113
Q

Inclusion

A

A characteristic gemstone reaching its surface from the interior

114
Q

Inclusion in emerald contain a liquid solid and a gas - needle
Inclusion in quartz contains mixers of water and petroleum

A

Moonstone inclusion called centipede
Lilypad inclusion found in peridot
Zebra stripes in amethyst
Ruby inclusion is finger prints

115
Q

Liquid inclusion

A

Small pocket in gem filled with gas

116
Q

Trace elements

A

Atoms aren’t part of gems essential chemical composition

117
Q

Sapphire

A

Aluminum +oxygen

Iron and titanium are trace elements

118
Q

Color zoning

A

If the quality of trace elements changed it lead to color zones and chang the color like sapphire needle

119
Q

Habit

A

Shape and form of a mineral

120
Q

Lapidary

A

Engraving
Cutting
Polishing

121
Q

Tabular

A

Squat and flat like corundum

122
Q

Prismatic

A

3-4-6-8-12 parallel faces
Aquamarine
Tourmaline

123
Q

Euhedral

A

Well formed gem

124
Q

Anhedral

A

Lacking face like the gems that been in river

125
Q

Striation

A

Quartz and corundum horizontal or vertical

126
Q

Pyramid

A

Equal triangular meet in a point

127
Q

Bipyramid

A

Two pyramids back to back seen in sapphire

128
Q

Density

A

How heavy an object is in relation to the size

129
Q

Specific gravity (SG)

A

Ratio of the weight of material to the weight of an equal volume of water

130
Q

Durability

A

Gemstone ability to withstand wear,heat and chemical

131
Q

Hardness

A

Scratch

132
Q

Toughness

A

Breaking and chipping

133
Q

Mohs scale

A 
Diamonds 
Corundum 
 Topaz 
Quartz 
Feldspar 
Apitie  
Fluorite 
Calcite  
Gypsum 
Talc
134
Q

Cleavage

A

Flat break parallel to plane caused by weak or fewer bonds between atoms

135
Q

Parting

A

Flat break parallel to a twinning plane

136
Q

Conchoidal fracture

A

A curved extending from the surface inward

137
Q

Stability

A

How gemstone resist light heat and old chemical

138
Q

Thermal shock

A

Damage caused by sudden, exterm temperature change

139
Q

Color is most important contribution

A

Desirability, marketability and value

140
Q

Light

A

Is a form of radiant energy that travels in wave

141
Q

Visible light

A

Is a small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.

142
Q

Wavelength

A

The distance between two high points of energy wave

143
Q

Nanometers

A

Wavelengths are measured. NM

One NM equals a millionth of a millimetre

144
Q

Selective absorption

A

Process by which a material absorb some visible light and transmit others

145
Q

Absorption spectrum

A

A pattern of dark vertical lines shown by certain gems when viewed through a spectroscope

146
Q

White light

A

Combination of red,orange,yellow,green,blue and violet

147
Q

Most gem color is caused by

A

Absorption which is influenced by chemical composition and crystal structure

148
Q

Ultraviolet radiation and X-Ray are shorter wavelengths and higher energy

A

Longer wavelengths and lower energy like radio wave

149
Q

Gem color

A

Interaction of electrons with visible light cause gem color

150
Q

Every atoms

A

Have equal number of protons and electrons. Electron absorbing visible light and make the colour in jem

151
Q

Losing electrons are called cation

A

Gaining electrons are called anion

152
Q

Valences

A

Ion combining with other ion

153
Q

Ground states

A

An electrons stable only at an energy level

154
Q

Excited state

A

When electron absorb energy rises higher level

155
Q

Transition

A

Movement from grand state to excited state

156
Q

Period

A

Horizontal row in the periodic table and contain atomic number from low to high

157
Q

Group

A

Arrange of electron in vortical line

158
Q

Transition elements

A

Elements that absorb some wavelengths of visible light and produced colour in gem

159
Q

Chromium

A

Cause red and green colour

160
Q

Vanadium green
Cobalt blue
Iron green peridot

A 
Chrome turmaline  
Iron  red garnet  
Titanium blue in sapphire, spinal, kyanite,tourmaline 
Nickel  yellow sapphire 
Coper   Blue sapphire 
Manganese red beryl , orange in garnet  
Iron yellow pinkish sapphire
161
Q

Valence shell

A

Outermost shell of an atom

162
Q

Valence difference cause variations in colour intensity in the same gem

A

Crystal structure causing different colour in different gem

163
Q

Allochromatic

A

A gem colour by trace elements like ruby and sapphire

164
Q

Idiochromatic

A

A gem colored by its chemical composition like garnet and peridot

165
Q

Change transfer

A

The movement of elections back and forth between ions , causing the selective absorption of light

166
Q

Intervalence charge transfer

A

A process where two transaction elements with different valences exchange electrons to selectively absorb light Like aquamarine and sapphire

167
Q

Treatment

A

Can alter color

168
Q

Band gap

A

A constant energy difference

169
Q

The high distance between valence band and conduction band

A

Make gem colour less like sapphire white

170
Q

Color centre

A

A small defect in the crystal structure of a material that can absorb light and give rise

171
Q

Irradiation

A

Exposing a gem to manmade radiation to change or improve its colour.

172
Q

Fluorescence

A

Emission of visible light by material simulated by ultraviolet or X-Ray radiation ruby

173
Q

Phosphorescence

A

Continued emission of visible light afterUV orX ray stop

174
Q

Refraction

A

Chang speed and change direction of light travels from one material to another- diamond and garnet high compared quarters and opal

175
Q

Doubling

A

An appearance of double image of gemstone like peridot

176
Q

Double refraction

A

Gem crystal structure split into two different speed and direction like calcite

177
Q

Single refraction

A

A gem crystal structure just absorb and refraction like diamonds, garnet and spinal

178
Q

Optic axis

A

Direction of single or double refraction like zirconia

179
Q

Pleochroism

A

Gem show different colour in different direction like tourmaline, sapphire, tanzanite, iolite
Dichroscope show .

180
Q

Dispersion

A

The separation of white light into spectral colour. Garnet . Benitoite

181
Q

Interference

A

Interaction between two light with same wavelength as travel along the same path
Phenomenal gem
Fine opal alexandrite and cat eye

182
Q

Iridescence

A

A rainbow effect created when light broken up into spectral hues by thin layer like cultured pearls and mother of pearls

183
Q

Diffraction

A

A special kind of interference phenomenon that produced patches of pure colour . Like opal or labradorite feldspar

Gem (1 decks)

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