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Gross anatomy > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

a form of cardiac pain that occurs on exertion and disappears on rest

A

Angina

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2
Q

Caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries so that the cardiac muscle has insufficient blood.

A

Angina

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3
Q

Major cause of death in industrialized nations

A

Myocardial infarction

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4
Q

2 importance in making the diagnosis and

treating this patient.

A

Knowledge of:
The blood supply to the heart.
The arrangement of the coronary arteries.

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5
Q

Is the science of the structure and function of the

body

A

Anatomy

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6
Q

Study of the macroscopic structure and function of the body as it relates to the practice of
medicine and other health sciences.

A

Clinical anatomy

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7
Q

Study of the minimal amount of
anatomy consistent with the understanding of the overall
structure and function of the body

A

Basic anatomy

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8
Q

The person is standing erect, with the upper
limbs by the sides and the face and palms of the hands
directed forward

A

Anatomic

position

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9
Q

This is a vertical plane passing through the center of

the body, dividing it into equal right and left halves

A

Median Sagittal Plane

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10
Q

In Sagittal plant:
Planes situated to one or the other side of
the median plane and parallel to it

A

para-median

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11
Q

A structure situated nearer to the median plane of the body

A

Medial

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12
Q

Structure that lies farther away from the median plane than

another

A

lateral

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13
Q

These planes are imaginary vertical planes at right angles to
the median plane

A

Coronal Planes

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14
Q

These planes are at right angles to both the median and the

coronal planes

A

Horizontal, or Transverse, Planes

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15
Q

Other words for saying lower and upper surfaces, when describing the foot

A

Plantar and dorsal surfaces

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16
Q

Other words for saying lower and upper surfaces, when describing the hand

A

Palmar and dorsal surfaces

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17
Q

Same side

A

ipsilateral

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18
Q

different side

A

Contralateral

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19
Q

Two or more bones come together

A

Joint

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20
Q

A joint that have no movement

A

Sutures of the

skull

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21
Q

A joint that have only slight movement

A

Superior tibiofibular joint

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22
Q

A joint that freely moves

A

Shoulder joint

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23
Q

movement that takes place in a sagittal

plan

A

Flexion

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24
Q

straightening the joint and

usually takes place in a posterior direction

A

Extension

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25
Q

Anterior movement;except in knee joints

A

Flexion

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26
Q

Posterior movement

A

Extension

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27
Q

is a movement of the trunk in the coronal

plane

A

Lateral flexion

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28
Q

is the term applied to the movement of a

part of the body around its long axis.

A

Rotation

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29
Q

is
the movement that results in the anterior surface of the
part facing medially

A

Medial rotation

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30
Q

is the movement
that results in the anterior surface of the part facing
laterally

A

Lateral rotation

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31
Q

medial rotation of the
forearm in such a manner that the palm of the hand faces
posteriorly

A

Pronation of the forearm

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32
Q

lateral rotation of the forearm from the pronated position so that the palm of the hand comes to face anteriorly

A

Supination of the forearm

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33
Q

the combination in sequence of the

movements of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction

A

Circumduction

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34
Q

move forward

A

Protraction

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35
Q

move

backward

A

retraction

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36
Q

the movement of the foot so that the sole

faces in a medial direction

A

Inversion

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37
Q

the opposite movement of the foot so that the sole faces in a lateral direction

A

Eversion

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38
Q

is composed of dense connective tissue containing many blood

vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves

A

Dermis

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39
Q

stratified epithelium whose cells become flattened as they mature and rise to the surface. On the palms of
the hands and the soles of the feet. It is extremely
thick, to withstand the wear and tear that occurs in these
regions.

A

Epidermis

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40
Q

The dermis of the skin

is connected to the underlying deep fascia or bones

A

Superficial fascia or subcutaneous tissue

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41
Q

4 appendages of the skin

A
  • Nails
  • hair follicles
  • sebaceous glands
  • sweat glands
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42
Q

The pull of the muscle also causes dimpling

of the skin surface

A

goose-flesh

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43
Q

Is an oily material that helps preserve the flexibility

of the emerging hair

A

Sebum

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44
Q

Are long, spiral, tubular glands distributed

over the surface of the body, except on the red margins of the lips, the nail beds, and the glans penis and clitoris

A

Sweat glands

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45
Q

The most deeply penetrating structures of all the epidermal appendages

A

Sweat glands

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46
Q

Axial body consists of 3 parts

A
  • head
  • neck
  • Trunk
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47
Q

Appendicular body consists of

A

Limbs or appendages

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48
Q

Closer to the axial body

A

Proximal

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49
Q

Further, from the axial body

A

Distal

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50
Q

Fascia Collagen Fibers are found in 4 parts

A
  • scalp
  • back of the neck
  • palm of the hand
  • soles of the foot
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51
Q

Fascia adipose tissue are found in 4 parts

A
  • Eyelid
  • Auricle of the ear
  • Penis
  • Clitoris
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52
Q

How many muscles do humans have

A

650

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53
Q

Series of wave-like muscle contractions that moves food to different processing stations in the digestive tract.

A

peristalsis

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54
Q

one Example of unipennate

A

Extensor digitorium longus

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55
Q

One example of Bipennate

A

Rectus Femoris

56
Q

One example of multipennate

A

acromial fibers of the deltoid

57
Q

One example of Circular muscle

A

Orbicularis oris

58
Q

One example of convergent muscle

A

Pectaralis major

59
Q

One example of parallel muscle

A

Sartorius

60
Q

One example of Fusiform

A

Biceps Brachii

61
Q

How many joints in the body

A

187

62
Q

Infection occurring

between the nail and the nail fold

A

paronychia

63
Q

staphylococcal infection of the superficial fascia

A

carbuncle

64
Q

caused by obstruction of the mouth of a
sebaceous duct and may be caused by damage from a comb or
by infection. It occurs most frequently on the scalp.

A

Sebaceous Cyst

65
Q

is a mixture of loose areolar and adipose tissue that unites the
dermis of the skin to the underlying deep fascia

A

superficial fascia

66
Q

4 parts that contains numerous bundles of

collagen fibers that hold the skin firmly to the deeper structures

A
  • Scalp
  • back of the neck
  • palms of the hands,
  • soles of the feet
67
Q

5 parts of that has devoid of adipose tissue

A
  • eyelids
  • auricle of the ear
  • penis
  • scrotum,
  • clitoris
68
Q

is a membranous layer of connective tissue that invests the muscles and other deep structures

A

deep fascia

69
Q

In the region of joints, the deep fascia may be considerably thickened to form restraining bands

A

retinacula

70
Q

Their function is to hold underlying tendons in position or to serve as pulleys around which the tendons may move.

A

retinacula

71
Q

The three types of muscle

A

skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.

72
Q

Elaborate about skeletal Muscle

A
  • movements of the skeleton
  • voluntary muscles
  • striped muscle fibers
73
Q

The attachment that moves the least

A

origin

74
Q

the attachment that moves the most

A

insertion

75
Q

fleshy part of the muscle

A

Belly

76
Q

cords of fibrous tissue

A

tendons

77
Q

flattened muscles are

attached by a thin but strong sheet of fibrous tissue

A

aponeurosis

78
Q

is an interdigitation of the tendinous ends of fibers of flat muscles

A

raphe

79
Q

fibrous

envelope

A

epimysium

80
Q

individual fibers of a muscle

are arranged in ways

A

Parallel and oblique

81
Q

muscles

with parallel fiber arrangements

A
  • sternocleidomastoid
  • rectus abdominis
  • sartorius.
82
Q

Muscles whose fibers run obliquely to the line of pull are (resembles a feather)

A

pennate muscles

83
Q

which the
tendon lies along one side of the muscle and the muscle
fibers pass obliquely to it

A

unipennate muscle

84
Q

example of unipennate muscle

A

extensor digitorum longus

85
Q

one in which the tendon lies
in the center of the muscle and the muscle fibers pass to it
from two sides

A

bipennate muscle

86
Q

example of bipennate muscle

A

Rectus Femoris

87
Q

may be arranged as a series of bipennate muscles lying

alongside one another

A

multipennate muscle

88
Q

2 example of multipennate muscle

A

acromial fibers of the deltoid and tibialis anterior

89
Q

chief muscle or member of a chief group of muscles

responsible for a particular movement

A

Prime mover

90
Q

Any muscle that opposes the action of the

prime mover

A

Antagonist

91
Q 
contracts isometrically (i.e., contraction
increases the tone but does not in itself produce movement) to stabilize the origin of the prime mover so that it
can act efficiently
A

Fixator

92
Q

To prevent unwanted
movements in an intermediate joint, groups of muscles
called (BLANK) contract and stabilize the intermediate
joints.

A

Synergist

93
Q

Elaborate about Smooth Muscle

A
  • long, spindle-shaped cells closely
    arranged in bundles or sheets
  • provides the motive power for propelling the contents
    through the lumen
  • causes
    the ingested food to be thoroughly mixed with the digestive juices
94
Q

Elaborate about cardiac muscle

A
  • striated muscle fibers
  • forms the myocardium
  • arranged in whorls and spirals, and they have the property of spontaneous and
    rhythmic contraction.
95
Q

supplied by autonomic nerve fibers
that terminate in the nodes of the conducting system and
in the myocardium.

A

Cardiac muscle

96
Q

The cardiac muscle receives its blood supply from what arteries

A

Coronary arteries

97
Q

two or more bones come together

A

Joints

98
Q

3 Types of joints

A

fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints, and synovial

joints.

99
Q

Very little moment.
Example of this joint are:
- The sutures of the vault of the skull
- the inferior tibiofibular joints

A

Fibrous Joints

100
Q

bones are united by a plate or a bar of hyaline cartilage.

-No movement is possible

A

primary cartilaginous joint

101
Q

bones are united by a plate of fibrocartilage and the articular surfaces of the bones are covered by a thin layer of hyaline cartilage.
- small amount of movement is possilbe

A

secondary cartilaginous joint

102
Q

example of fibrous joint

A

coronal suture of the skull

103
Q

example of cartilaginous joint

A

joint between two lumbar verebral column

104
Q

example of synovial joint

A

hip joint

105
Q

found in some synovial joints lying
between the synovial membrane and the fibrous capsule
or bone.

A

Fatty pads

106
Q

can be classified according to the arrangement of the articular surfaces and the types of movement
that are possible

A

Synovial joints

107
Q

In plane joints, the apposed articular surfaces are flat or almost flat, and this permits the bones
to slide on one another.

A

plane joints

108
Q

examples of plain joints

A
  • sternoclavicular

- acromioclavicular joints

109
Q

resemble the hinge on a door,

so that flexion and extension movements are possible

A

Hinge joints

110
Q

examples of hinge joints

A

elbow, knee, and ankle joints

111
Q

central bony pivot is surrounded by a bony–ligamentous ring and
rotation is the only movement possible

A

Pivot joints

112
Q

examples of pivot joints

A
  • atlantoaxial

- superior radioulnar joints

113
Q

two distinct

convex surfaces that articulate with two concave surfaces.

A

Condyloid joints

114
Q

examples of Condyloid joints

A

metacarpophalangeal joints or

knuckle joints

115
Q

elliptical convex
articular surface fits into an elliptical concave articular
surface. Rotation is impossible

A

Ellipsoid joints

116
Q

example of Ellipsoid joints

A

wrist joint

117
Q

the articular surfaces are
reciprocally concavoconvex and resemble a saddle on
a horse’s back. permit flexion, extension,
abduction, adduction, and rotation.

A

Saddle joints

118
Q

examples of Saddle joints

A

carpometacarpal joint of the

thumb

119
Q

a ballshaped head of one bone fits into a socketlike concavity of another. permits free movements,
including flexion, extension, abduction, adduction,
medial rotation, lateral rotation, and circumduction.

A

Ball-and-socket joints

120
Q

examples of Ball-and-socket joints

A

shoulder and hip joints

121
Q

The stability of a joint depends on three main factors:

A
  • shape of articular surfaces
  • ligaments
  • muscle tone
122
Q

2 joints shows how bone shape plays an important

role in joint stability.

A
  • hip joint

- ankle joint

123
Q

prevent excessive movement in a joint
, but if the stress is continued for an excessively
long period, then fibrous ligaments stretch.

A

Fibrous ligaments

124
Q

return to their original length

after stretching

A

Elastic ligaments

125
Q

major factor controlling

stability

A

Muscle Tone

126
Q

the sensation of pain in a joint is lost

A

syringomyelia

127
Q

affects large synovial joints such

as the ankle, elbow, or wrist

A

Gonococcal arthritis

128
Q

affects synovial joints and may start in the synovial membrane
or in the bone

A

tuberculous arthritis

129
Q 
- a cord or band of connective tissue uniting
two structures.
-  composed of dense
bundles of collagen fibers 
-  composed of dense
bundles of collagen fibers
A

ligament

130
Q

A sensory nerve supplying a joint also supplies the muscles moving the joint and the skin overlying
the insertions of these muscles.

A

Hilton’s law

131
Q
  • lubricating device consisting of a closed fibrous
    sac lined with a delicate smooth membrane.
  • found wherever tendons rub against bones, ligaments, or other tendons
A

Bursae

132
Q
  • tubular bursa that surrounds a tendon.

- occur where tendons pass under ligaments and retinacula and through osseofibrous tunnels.

A

Synovial Sheath

133
Q

enables blood vessels to

enter the tendon along its course

A

mesotendon

134
Q

when

the range of movement is extensive, the mesotendon disappears or remains in the form of narrow threads

A

vincula

135
Q

reduce friction between the tendon and

its surrounding structures.

A

Synovial Sheath

Gross anatomy (1 decks)

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