Introduction

Question 1

Theory

Answer 1

a coherent group of propositions used as principles for an explanation for a class of phenomena. In psychology, used to generate hypotheses about human thinking, emotions, and behavior. A counseling theory needs to accurately describe, explain, and predict a wide range of therapist and client behaviors.

Question 2

Context

Answer 2

The particular set of circumstances surrounding a specific event or situation.

Question 3

Dodo bird effect

Answer 3

No critical differences in outcomes between different theoretical orientations. (There are common factors across different therapy techniques)

Question 4

Psychotherapy

Answer 4

A process that involves a trained professional who abides by accepted ethical guidelines and has competencies for working with diverse individuals who are in distress that has led them to seek help or are seeking personal growth, and these parties establish an explicit agreement to work together toward mutually agreed upon goals using evidence based procedures that have been shown to facilitate human learning or reduce disturbing symptoms.

Question 5

Common therapeutic factors

Answer 5

Elements that exist across a wide range of different therapy approaches:
* a healing setting, advice or education, emotionally charged relationship bond between therapist and client, catharsis or emotional expression, exposure to feared stimuli, insight, hope, working alliance, therapist expertise.
Common factors are necessary but not sufficient.

Question 6

Expectancy

Answer 6

Hope for positive outcomes

Question 7

Efficacy v. effectiveness research

Answer 7

Efficacy uses randomized controlled trials to establish an effect size; tightly controlled experimental trials with high internal validity vs. effectiveness aims to collect data with external data ie real world effectiveness.

Question 8

Empirically supported treatments

Answer 8

Must be manualized, shown to be superior to a placebo or other treatment, or equivalent to an already established treatment in at least two good group design studies or in a series of single case design experiments conducted by different investigators.

Question 9

Competence (strategies)

Answer 9

Practitioners must have adequate knowledge and skills to perform specific professional services. Strategies for developing competence: working out your own issues, working within a learning community, skills practice and feedback.

Question 10

Potentially harmful treatments

Answer 10

Therapy approaches that produce unacceptable negative effects.

Question 11

Hans Eysenck

Answer 11

Did a flawed study which claimed psychotherapy had worse outcomes that no treatment. His accusation spurred research.

Question 12

Lambert’s model

Answer 12

Estimated that patient outcomes depended on 40% extratherapeutic factors, 30% therapeutic factors, 15% expectancy, and 15% techniques

Question 13

Effect change

Answer 13

A statistic used to estimate how much change is produced by a particular intervention. (Extremely large effect size is 2.00; adverse affects is -0.2)

Question 14

The Great Psychotherapy Debate

Answer 14

Therapists should use specific techniques vs. there are common therapeutic factors underlying many types of treatments, and those should be emphasized.

Question 15

Working alliance

Answer 15

1. A positive interpersonal bond between therapists and clients.
2. The identification of agreed-upon therapy goals.
3. Therapists and clients collaboratively working together on therapeutic tasks linked to the identified goals.