Introduction Flashcards
Name the three administrative departments of Bourgogne
Yonne
Cote d’Or
Saone-et-Loire
Name the two separate trade associations
BIVB (Bureau Interprofessional des vins de Bourgogne)
Inter Beaujolais
What is the % of white wine produced in Bourgogne?
74%
What % of wine appellations are in Bourgogne?
20%
What % of AOC production are in Bourgogne?
6.6%
Does La Bourgogne Viticole includes Beaujolais?
yes
Name the villages located in the Yonne?
Chablis and Auxerrois (Irancy, saint-Bris, Tonnerrois)
Name the villages located in Cote-d’Or
Chatillonais, Cote de Nuits and Cote de Beaune
Name the villages located in the Saone-et-Loire
Chalonnaise, Maconnais
Which department covers Beaujolais
Rhone
How many bottles are produced in Bourgogne?
210 M
When did viticulture in Burgundy start?
1st century AD, however, could be from 1300 BC by the Phoenician as they traveled through Bourgogne to the Cornish tin mines
When and where did Les Burgondes arrive from?
6th Century AD and from Scandanavia
Who conquered Les Burgondes in 534 AD, who arrived after?
The Franks conquered Les Burgondes who then converted to Christianity, the arrival of the monks and Cistercians then occurred
Which Benedictine monks were originally established?
Chablis (510 AD)
Dijon (587 AD)
Who reached peak power between the 10th - 12th Century
Benedictine Abbey of Cluny
Who were the largest landowners in Bourgogne until the French revolution?
Cluny monastery
When was the Cistercian order created? i.e the Cistercians in Citeaux
1098 AD by 20 Benedictine monks
When did Bernard of Clairvaux enter the Citeaux monastery and with how many companions? Was was the purpose?
1113 AD with 35 companions to improve quality
What were the two contributions of the Monastries during their 1200 year reign
- Focus on the cultivation of Pinot Noir and Chardonnay
- Elaborate delineation of land plots to identify the best-growing sites for the vine
Name the four Valois Dukes and their dates
1363 - 1477 AD
- Philip the Bold (1363 - 1404 AD)
- John the Fearless (1404 - 1419 AD)
- Philip the Good (1419 - 1467 AD)
- Charles the Rash (1467 - 1477 AD)
What was the impact of the French Revolution? (3)
- Disposed of the church of their properties, sold at auction in 1791
- Code Napoleon - Deceased father must divide his property among all his children
- A surge in neogiant houses - Champy (1720), Bouchard PEre et Fils (1731) and Louis Latour (1797)
When was Phylloxera and what was the solution? What happened post?
1878, plant vineyards on American rootstock
Vines were planted in rows instead of ‘en foule’
Planted Chardonnay & Pinot Noir instead of Gamay
When was Powdery Mildew present and what was the solution?
1852 from North America, dust with Sulphur
What was the solution for Down mildew
Copper & Sulphate
When was the Institut National des Appellations d’Origine (INAO) setup?
1935
In 1855, 87% of the Cote d’Or was planted to which grape?
Gamay
How many climats exist in La Cote d’Or?
1247
Describe ‘Terroir’
Terroir in its purest form encompasses the influence of soil, topography, and mesoclimate on the vines and the grapes it produces.
How can one describe wine character
Terroir Influence (Soil + Climate) and Human Influence (Vineyard + Winemaking)
Describe the geology of Bourgogne and when the soils were formed
137-195 mya during the Jurassic period, many Jurassic limestone strata along with Saone fault.
Describe the Jurassic period
137-195 mya, it is split between the middle Jurassic - 160-170 mya and the upper Jurassic 150-160 mya. The major ages of the Middle Jurassic are Bajocian (oldest) to Bathonian (youngest) and Callovian. Upper Jurassic includes Oxfordian, Kimmeridgian, and Portlandian.
What happened during the Tertiary period?
35 mya, the European continent collided with the African continent creating the Alps and Pyrenees as well as the Saone Graben
Which geological strata is Chablis a part of
Paris basin
How could we describe the chemical soils of Bourgogne?
Basic in nature, over 7 pH
When were the soils of the Cote de Nuits formed?
During the Middle Jurassic (160-170 mya) - Bajocian, Bathonian and Callovian soils
When were the soils of the Cote de Beaune formed?
During the upper Jurassic (150 - 160 mya) - Oxfordian, Kimmeridgian and Portlandian
What is the soil structure of Vezelay?
Bathonian marl and limestone
What is the soil structure of Chatillonais?
Clayey limestone and marl of the Oxfordian age
What is the soil strucuture of Auxerroirs and Tonnerrois (Irancy, Saint-Bris)
Oxfordian limestone
Soil of Chablis:
GC & PC
Chablis & Petit Chablis
Kimmeridgian marls
Chalky white Portlandian limestone
Soil of Cote de Nuits (4)
Caprock is comblanchien limestone, bedrock is premeaux limestone, rich ostrea marl and white oolites
Soil of Cote de Beaune (6)
Limestone and marl from MIddle/late Jurassic, including limestone formations of Chassagne, marls of Pernand, Callovian (Ladoix), and Saint Romain (Oxfordian) with limestone of Nantoux.
Soil of Hautes-Cotes
Late Jurassic soils, similar to those of CdB
Soil of Cote Chalonnaise/Maconnais
Multiple faults of varied soil structures (clay, limestone and marl) along with age (Triassic, Jurassic, and Tertiary)
Describe a lieu-dit
A named parcel or vineyard can be broken down further, also known as a geographical place with boundaries, Usually used on labels for vineyards below premier cru in rank.
Describe a climat
A delineated parcel of land with a certain terroir aspect to it, cannot be further divided, usually reserved for a classified cru and an individual vineyard site.
Describe a Clos
A vineyard surrounded by dry stone walls
Describe a parcel
Any single block of land within a lieu-dit belonging to a single proprietor
Describe an Ouvree
measurements based on the hoeing that one man could complete in one day with simple tools
What are Murgers
Piles of stones at the edge of vineyards due to work on the vineyard (often built-in huts)
What is a cuesta
A ridge where harder sedimentary rocks overlie a softer layer
What is an escarpment
An area of the earth where elevation changes suddenly, separates two types of land
What is a dip slope
A topographic surface which slopes in the same direction as the underlining strata
What is a rift valley
The action of forces of erosion, the extension of two surfaces, causing plates to split
What is a graben
A valley with a distinct escarpment on each side caused by a displacement of a block
What are combes
A small valley through which a watercourse does not run
Describe limestone
rock made of calcium carbonate (Calcaire in French)
Describe chalk
Soft, crumbly, high porous (35-40%) limestone
Describe marl
crumbly combination of limestone and clay
Describe Chert
Hard, fine-grained sedimentary rock composed of crystals of quartz
Describe Colluvial soils
Name for loose, unconsolidated sediments that are deposited at the base of a hill
Describe Alluvial soils
loose soil or sediment, silt, and sand which can be found close to rivers
Describe Tills
Unsorted glacial sediment
Describe Sedimentary rock
accumulation of deposits of small particles on the floor of oceans
Describe Metamorphic rock
formed when rocks are subject to high heat or pressure
Describe Igneous rock
formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or laval
Describe cap rock
harder rock type overlying a weaker or less resistant rock type
describe laves
flat stones usually for roofs
Describe cabottes
small round huts made of stones
When was the Jurassic period?
137-195 mya
What is Kimmeridgean
Chalky limestone found in the PC/GC sites of Chablis, upper Jurassic
When was the Tertiary period?
Alpine upheaval, Saone rift, present-day Burgundian topography formed. 35 mya
What is the climate of Bourgogne?
Continental
What is the average precipitation?
30 in/750jo - wettest month is may
What is the average temperature?
Avg temp in the growing season July-August
53F 11.6 C, average 19.5C July-August (vs 22*C required), extra sunlight
What is the average sunlight vs growing season
1,850 including 1,500 in the growing season (minimum 1,400 required)
What is Massal selection
Identifying the best vines in the vineyard, grafts are then taken and multiplied
What is Clonal selection
planting 2/3 different clones in a vineyard
What % area of Burgundy grows Pinot Noir?
35% area of Burgundy
What %, area of Burgundy grows Gamay?
8%
What area of Burgundy grows Chardonnay, %
49%
What area of Burgundy grows Aligote? , %
6%
How were the soils in Burgundy formed?
They were formed between 137-195 mya, during the Jurassic period. Bourgogne was underwater and experienced a sub-tropical climate. Sea-life dried to produce marl, chalk and limestone beds. These layers were pushed up during the Tertiary period (35 mya). A down faltering then caused the Saone Graben.
Describe the topography of the Cote d’Or in technical terms
The topography of the Paris basin includes gentle slopes, including topographical ridges “Cuestas” which is where a harder sedimentary rocks overlay a softer rock. The vineyards are south and east-facing slopes. The Cote d’Or is defined by an ancient fault (35 mya), this is the western border of the Saone Graben. These slopes are east facing, In general the GC and the best PC are in the centre of the slope, PC & Village at the top, and village at the bottom. Regional on the other side of the road
What does Comblanchien limestone play in the Cote de Nuits?
Comblanchien limestone is the rock formed by marine sediment and is known for its high density. Pinot Noir grows better on limestone and marl soils. It produces light/sophisticated or powerful/full-bodied wines depending on the proportion of limestone. This is mainly found around Nuit Saint Georges
What is the dominant chalk found in the best vineyards in Chablis?
Kimmeridgian chalky limestone from the upper Jurassic
When was the Jurassic period
137-195 mya. This was split between the middle Jurassic (160-170 mya) and the upper Jurassic (150-160 mya). The major ages of the Middle Jurassic are Bajocian (oldest to Bathonian (youngest). The major ages of the upper Jurassic are oldest to youngest: Callovian, Oxfordian, Kimmeridgian and Portlandian.
In what ways are the ‘Terroirs’ of Burgundy homogenous, in what ways are they different
The terroirs of Burgundy are homogenous due to their formation from their geological process of morphological, homogeneity in the nature of rocks (limestone and marl). However, there is great variation in nature and exposure due to both the superficial formations created by these rocks and the management of these terroirs.
Which soils are older? Those of the Cote de Beaune or the Cote de Nuits?
Cote de Beaune are younger with a majority Upper Jurassic (150-160 mya), Cote de Nuits is older (160-170 mya) with a middle Jurassic soil
How is it possible that the hill of Corton can generate super red and white wines?
Soil diversity, Both Callovian limestone (Chardonnay) and the marl of Pernand (Pinot Noir are found on the hill of Corton
Are the terms lieu-dit and climate synonymous?
They are similar but not the same, lieu-dit refers to a geographical place with boundaries, a named parcel which tends to be used on labels below PC in rank.
A climate produces a wine with a certain terroir aspect to it. They have delineated parcels of land with specific topography and climatic aspects, tend to be used on classified growth.
The vineyards of Chablis face?
South-South-East
The vineyards of the Cote d’Or face?
East
The vineyards of the Cote Chalonnais, Maconnais and Beaujolais face?
South-East
How does the Burgundian vineyard defy its challenging climate?
Through spring frost protection - Sprinklers, wind fans and heaters
Hail protection - nets
Keep the soil on the slope
During the growing season keep a clean harvest by - limiting the yield of the vines, canopy management, capitalization, and acidification of the grape must.
How many hours of sunlight does Burgundy receive each year on average?
1850, including 1500 during the growing season, it needs 1400 minimum
What is the average annual precipitation in Burgundy?
30 inches/ 750 mm (685 mm minimum)
What is the average temperature in Burgundy
Avg during flowing
Avg July-August
53F 11.6C/ Avg in June (flowering 16.5C (vs. 15*C))
July-August 19.5 C (cs 22C), extra daylight.
What style of training is performed in Burgundy?
Guyot training
The annual cycle
Spring arrives and buds grow (around 10C)
Leafing starts slow, then accelerates as the earth warms up, shoots develop, spring frosts
flowering arrives mid-June (20C), vines require long days of sunlight for pollination
Veraison occurs, saturated with sugar from the leaves/roots
Shoots & fruit mature at the same time
In October, early Nov the leaves turn yellow/red, with the first frost the leaves fall.
How to time the harvest (4)
Phenolics, sugars, acids and flavors
What is Insurance protection?
Constant protection at all times, Insecticides and fungicides
What is Lutte Raisonnee
Defenses only brought into play when required (most common)
What is Lutte Integree
Ecological method e.g. Sexual confusion
What is Production Integree
A balance between economical & Ecological methods
What is Biodynamic
Combines organic culture with lunar cycles, constellations e.g. DRC, Leroy, Lafon, Leflaive
List of challenges: Phylloxera Powdery Mildew Downy Viruses Grey Rot Eutypa SPiders Caterpillars
Solutions: American rootstock Sulfur Copper Certified Clones Organic Sprays Re-planting Predators Sexual Confusion
Vine density
10,000 vines/hectare
Best rootstock
161/49C , can tolerate up to 25% active limestone
Best rootstock in Chablis?
41B, due to high active limestone
Vine training system in Chablis
Cordon de Royat
What is the vine requirements?
Light (Photosynthesis) +Heat (Acid/sugar balance) + water + Soil (mineral +nutrient)
What is the purpose of Chaptilization
Usually, 1-2% to increase the alcohol of the final wine
What is the purpose of Acidification
Addition of tartaric acid due to high ph low acid wines (unstable)
What is the purpose of sulfur
antioxidant & antiseptic
How do you heal with Dilution due to rain at harvest?
Reverse Osmosis or Saignee (red grapes)
Important white winemaking points
Acid
must is left to settle for 12-24 hours
fermentation occurs: 20-24 *C
during the next 6-12 months, lees stirring occurs
Battonage or not, Malotaltic, fining & filtering
Important red winemaking points
Stem/de-stem
Pre-fermentation maceration occurs from 2-10 days –> Aromatics and colo
Cap Management: Punchdown or pump over
Fermentation: 30-34*C
Post-fermentation skin contact - 7-14 days tannins
GC receives 50% oak, 12-18 months
Name good vintages: 1900-1920 1920-1940 1940-1960 1960-1980 1980-2000
Good vintages: 1904,1906,1915 1923,1929,1933,1934 1949,1955,1959 1969,1971,1978 1985,1990,1996,1999
Describe the following vintages: 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
white/red
Rich,full,harmony/Great vintage,excellent aging potential
Great vintage/fruity, expressive and elegant
easy drinking/fruity, easy drinking
ripe, rich and fleshy/well balanced, exceptional flavors
Aromatic profile/ rich and long
fresh and pure/fresh and lingering
Aromatic purity, drink young/fruity approachable early
some are rich, complex, well balanced/ dark color, reliable
well structured, liveliness, fresh/intense & Jammy
An excellent year, chiseled & straight/ fresh fruity very fine
Intense, aromatic, complex/ Outstanding vintage
When was the AOC founded?
1935
Why was the AOC founded?
To prevent fraud
What is a yield?
Establishes a norm and maximum quantity per hectare of grapes (kg) or wine (hl)
What is the annual yield?
It is the decreased or increased yield, within the allowed buffer taking into account the climate of that year.
What is the Buffer yield?
The maximum variation permitted in determining the annual yield
What is the Individual substitutable volume (VSI)
a system that allows the vigneron to substitute the volume produced in excess of the annual yield but within the buffer yield with an authorized equivalent volume of the same appellation & color of the previous vintage.
What is TAVNm?
Minimum natural alcohol content by volume
What is RSNM?
Minimum natural sugar content
What is TAVTM?
Maximum total alcohol content by volume after Enrichment
What is obligatory to mention on the label? (8)
Appellation --> Bourgogne Nominal volume --> e.g 75cl Name of the bottler --> mis en bouteilles Alcohol content by volume --> 12.5% Country of origin --> France lot number Allergies --> Contains sulfites/milk/egg warning to pregnant woman
How many Grand Cru does Burgundy have? Including red/white mix
33 (1.5%) - 65% red/35% white
How many Village + P.C does Burgundy have? Including red/white mix
640 (10%) - 44% red / 56% white
How many villages AOC does Burgundy have? Including % of red/white
44 (37.5%) –> 24% red / 76% white
How many regional AOC does Burgundy have?
7 (+14 geographic) –> 32% red/ 68% white
How many AOC appellations in Burgundy?
84 in Burgundy and 11 in Beaujolais
Explain the different ways Beaune, Les Greves PC can be written
Beaune les Greves
Beaune les Greves PRemier Cru
Beaune Premier Cru les Greves
Beaune Premier Cru
