introduction Flashcards
def. of shariah
sum of total islamic teaching and system which was revealed to the prophet Muhammad derived from Al Quran and sunnah
components of shariah
1) al ahkam al itiqadiyyah
2) al ahkam akhlaqiyyah
3) al ahkam amaliyyah (fiqh)
def. of fiqh
knowledge of one’s rights and obligations derived from Al Quran or sunnah or ijtima (consensus of opinions among the learned) or qiyas (analogical reasoning)
types of fiqh rulings
1) rulings that are deduced from the decisive evidence from the Qur’an or sunnah
- unchanged
- related to ibadah
- prayer, fasting
2) rulings that are deduced by the scholars from their understanding and interpretations of Qur’an or sunnah
- al istihsan, masalih al mursalah
distinction between shariah and fiqh
1) shariah includes all human action but fiqh is limited to deal with legal rulings of human acts
2) shariah is the body of revealed injunctions found in Al Quran and sunnah whereas fiqh is a part of shariah
3) S is fixed, unchangeable & eternal while certain rulings of fiqh changes based on the circumstances
4) S based on Al Quran and sunnah but fiqh is based on humanly acquired knowledge
5) S has various degree of approval or disapproval meanwhile fiqh is either legal or illegal
components of fiqh
1) fiqh al ibadah - covers the rulings that govern the rship b/t man & Allah
2) fiqh al muamalah - covers the rulings that govern the rship b/t man & man
fiqh al ibadah
1) rulings related to prayer eg. performance of ablution
2) “ fasting (sawm) eg. time of fasting
3) “ almsgiving (zakah) eg. obligatory almsgiving
4) “ pilgrimage (hajj) eg. types of hajj
fiqh al muamalah
1) rulings related to family law eg. marriage
2) rulings governing the commercial transactions b/t the parties involved in the transaction
3) “ concerning that management of finance of the state
4) rulings related to the administration of justice in Islam
5) “ governing the rights of non-muslims in an Islamic state
6) “ determining the rship b/t an Islamic gov & foreign gov
7) criminal law in Islam
def of fiqh rulings
legal rulings that is deduced from diff sources of fiqh concerning the action by a morally responsible person
categories of fiqh rulings
1) fard/wajib
2) sunnah
3) haram
4) makruh
5) mubah/harus
what does fard mean, types of fard and its example
absolute command which is supported by decisive proof based on Al Quran and sunnah, disobedience without legal excuse is a sin & denial to such commands lead to becoming a disbeliever
fard ‘ayn - obligations that must be performed by every individual, otherwise resulting in committing sin (performing regular 5 prayers, fast during ramadhan)
fard kifayah - collective responsibilities that must be performed by the community, not from each individual. if no one carries the duty, the whole community will bear the sin (burying the deceased, enjoining good & forbidding the evil)
meaning of sunnah, types of sunnah & its example
recommended deed to be performed by the Muslims
1) sunnah mu’akkadah - acts that are performed regularly by the Prophet Muhammad SAW & is highly recommended for the Muslims to do it too
ex. pray before and after the five prescribed prayers
2) sunnah ghayr mu’akkadah - acts that are often performed by the Prophet Muhammad SAW & sometimes omitted it without excuse ex giving charity
what does haram mean and the example
an act that is prohibited by a decisive evidence from the Qur’an or sunnah. committing will result in punishment and omission such act leads to rewards ex backbiting
what is makruh, type and example
act whose omission is preferable and highly commanded
1) tanzihi - nearer to permissible
2) tahrimi - nearer to haram
ex consumption of certain food that give bad odour
definition of mubah
commission or omission of these acts are not rewardable or punishable
all such actions - sleep
