Introduction

Question 1

What cell produces platelets?

Answer 1

Megakaryocytes

Question 2

What are platelets?

Answer 2

Haemostasis (and immune)
Production regulated by thrombopoietin
Produced in liver

Question 3

What are neutrophils?

Answer 3

Function is to ingest and destroy pathogens, especially bacteria and fungi
Regulated by granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF)

Question 4

What are monocytes?

Answer 4

to ingest and destroy pathogens, especially bacteria and fungi
Subset of monocytes migrate into tissues and become macrophages or dendritic cells

Question 5

What are the surface antigens for lymphocytes?

Answer 5

CD markers

Question 6

What cells are raised in bacterial/fungal/viral infections?

Answer 6

Bacterial and fungal-neutrophils

Viral-lymphocytes

Question 7

In what stages of B cell production can things go wrong and cause what cancers?

Answer 7

If mistakes occurs (abnormal genes produced) early on get lymphoblastic leukaemia, predominant in children
Most lymphomas come from mistakes made in somatic hypermutation
Plasma cells mistakes cause myeloma

Question 8

What kind of selection is used to mature B cells?

Answer 8

In the bone marrow
if gene rearrangement results in a functional receptor the cell is selected to survive – positive selection
If the receptor recognises ‘self’ antigens - the cell is triggered to die – negative selection: tolerance
B cells that survive this selection are exported to the periphery

Question 9

What are the two classes of HLA molecules?

Answer 9

Class I: displays internal antigens on all nucleated cells

Class II: displays antigens eaten by professional antigen presenting cells

Question 10

What are the normal values for a FBC?

Answer 10

Haemoglobin-Male 135-170g/L , female 120-160g/L
RBC	 4-5 (1012/L)
Platelets	150-400	(109/L)
WBC 4-10 (109/L)
Neutrophils 1.5-7 (109/L)
Lymphocytes	1.5-4 (109/L)
Monocytes 0.2-0.8 (109/L)
Eosinophils 0.1-0.5	 (109/L)
Basophils 0.01-.1 (109/L
Units in brackets