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PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY > INTRODUCTION > Flashcards

INTRODUCTION Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

To divide intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid compartments.

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2
Q

What are the components of the membrane by % weight?

A

Lipids - 42% Proteins - 55% Carbohydrates - 3%

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3
Q

What are the main ionic components of all fluids in the body?

A

Sodium ions Potassium ions Calcium ions Carbonate ions Chloride ions Phosphate ions Proteins

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4
Q

What is the concentration of potassium ions in the plasma, in relation to the intracellular fluid?

A

There is a low concentration of potassium ions in plasma compared to ICF.

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5
Q

What is the concentration of sodium ions in the plasma, in relation to the intracellular fluid?

A

There is a high concentration of sodium ions in the plasma compared to ICF.

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6
Q

What is the concentration of calcium ions in the plasma, in relation to the intracellular fluid?

A

There is a high concentration of calcium ions in the plasma compared to ICF.

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7
Q

What is the concentration of carbonate ions in the plasma, in relation to the intracellular fluid?

A

There is a slightly higher concentration of carbonate ions in the plasma compared to the ICF.

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8
Q

What is the concentration of chloride ions in the plasma, in relation to the intracellular fluid?

A

There is a a lot high concetration of chloride ions in the plasma compared to the ICF.

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9
Q

What is the concentration of phosphate ions in the plasma, in relation to the intracellular fluid?

A

There is a low concentration of phosphate ions in the plasma compared to the ICF.

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10
Q

What is the concentration of protein in the plasma, in relation to the intracellular fluid?

A

There is some protein in the plasma but there is a lot more protein in the ICF.

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11
Q

What underpins physiological processes?

A

Transport across cell membranes.

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12
Q

How do lipid soluble molecules such as oxygen and carbon dioxide get transported across the membrane?

A

Diffusion

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13
Q

How do small molecules and ions get transported across the cell membane?

A

By transport proteins

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14
Q

How do large molecules get transported across the membrane?

A

By endocytosis

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15
Q

What types of transport protein are there?

A

Ion Channels Carriers Pumps (ATPases)

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16
Q

What categories can carriers be classified into?

A

Uniporter Symporter Antiporter

17
Q

Which of the transport proteins are passive?

A

Ion channels and carriers

18
Q

Which of the transport proteins are active?

A

Pumps

19
Q

When does active transport occur?

A

In the absence of or against an electorchemical gradient

20
Q

What kind of turnover does active transport have?

A

<100 per second

21
Q

What is another way to classify ion channels?

A

By molecular family

22
Q

How do carriers go about transport?

A

By facilitated diffusion. A molecule will bind, there will be a conformational change in which allows the molecule to be released on the other side of the membrane. This is a passive process.

23
Q

What are the features of carriers?

A

Turnover high at 10^2-10^3 per second Highly selective Saturable

24
Q

What are the features of ion channels?

A

They have a high turnover of 106-108

They are passive

They are selective

They are gated

25
Q

What does electrogenic transport do?

A

Changes membrane potential.

26
Q

What is an example of a transporter that is electogenic?

A

Sodium/Potassium ATPase exchanges 3 sodium ions out of the cell and 1 potassium ion out of the cell.

27
Q

What is the structure of the Sodium Potassium ATPase?

A

It is a ubiquitous tetramer

2 alpha subunits and 2 beta subunits.

28
Q

What is the the Patch Clamp technique used for?

A

It is a method that can directly measure the function of ion channels.

29
Q

What is the Cell Attached Method?

A

It is one method of Patch Clamp Technique.

A small pipette (with a tip 1x10-6m) with salt solution and an electrode.

The membrane forms a high resistance seal to the pipette tip.

Electrical activity measured with respect to a reference.

30
Q

Another method of the Patch Clamp exists. If we rupture the membrane, the solution fills the cell and we can measure all the channels in the cell by measuring the currents at different potentials. What is this technique called?

A

Whole Cell Method

31
Q

How can you calculate the total current carried by a population of cells?

A

I= N.P0.g (Vm-Ei)

Where:

I= total current carried by a population of cells

N = number of channels

P0= open probability

g = single channel conductance

Vm= membrane potential

Ei = equilibrium potential of an ion

32
Q

What is the structure of a bacterial K+ (KcsA) channel and how do we know?

A

The structre was found by visualising protein crystals using X ray.

The most basic channel upon which many other ion channels have evolutionarily evolved.

Two transmembrane spanning domains (s5 + s6).

P loop to form a pore

PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY (8 decks)

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