Introduction Flashcards
Diseases caused by uncontrolled or excessive immune response
- Asthma
- rheumatic Fever
- Glomerulonephritis
- Inflammatory bowel disease
- autoimmune thyroiditis
- multiple sclerosis
How do antibodies contribute to killing Tumor cells?
- can label Tumor cells
- induce activation of other immune cells like phagocytes, complement, NK cells
Why should vaccines be injected 2 to 3 times to induce an efficent immune Response?
–> Memory cell production and better Quality antibodies
Innate immunity
- mediated by cells and proteins that are always present in Body
- no Need of activation of cells
- functions immediately
Major components of innate immuity (4)
- epithelial barriers (Skin, GI tract, resp. tract)
- phagocytic leukocytes (neutrophils and macrophages)
- NK cells
- circulating Plasma proteins, complement system
Disadvantages of innate immunity
- limited number of cells
- receptors of cells are not that specialized
Adaptive/ acquired immunity
- more powerful
- normally silent cells are acitvated by presence of microbes and neutralize and eliminate them
Components of adaptive immnity
B and T lymphocytes
- -> B cells (humoral immunity) produce antibodies
- -> T cells (cell mediated immunity) divide into cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells
surviving Memory cells
Advantages of acquired immunity
Long Lasting
specific receptors
Cell-mediated immunity types of cells
Helper T lymphocytes:
- microbes are in macrophages
- helper T cells bind to macrophages and activate eliminatin of microbes
Cytotoxic C
- microbes replicate woithin host cells
- Cytotoxic T cells bind to cells
- kill infected cells and eliminate resevoirs
Active immunity vs Passive immunity
Active:
- microbial Antigen into Patient (vaccine/ infection)
- Infection of Patient
- recovery –> immunity with specificity and Memory
Passive:
- Antibodies in Serum into Patient
- infection in Patient
- recovery –> immunity with specificity but without memory
What are effectors?
which ones are there?
Cells that actively respond to Stimuli and perform certain functions
leukocytes: lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocytes
in tissues: mast cells, macrophages
Lymphocytes
types
circultate between tissues and peripheral lymphoid Organs
B cells:
- from bone marrow
- secrete antibodies
- bind to and eliminate extracellular microbes
T cells:
- from Thymus
- Combat intracellular microbes
- T hleper: produce cytokines
- Cytotoxic C: kill target cells
Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs)
present Antigens (Peptides) to T lymphocytes localized in Skin and mucosa
- -> capture and deliver Antigens to peripheral lymphoid Organs
- -> dendritis cells are most professional
CD molecules
= cluster of Differentiation
types of cells can be distinguished by their Expression of Surface proteins
helper T cells: CD4+
cytotoxic T: CD8+
both are also CD3+ (is part of T cell receptor)
