Introduction Flashcards
Diseases caused by uncontrolled or excessive immune response
- Asthma
- rheumatic Fever
- Glomerulonephritis
- Inflammatory bowel disease
- autoimmune thyroiditis
- multiple sclerosis
How do antibodies contribute to killing Tumor cells?
- can label Tumor cells
- induce activation of other immune cells like phagocytes, complement, NK cells
Why should vaccines be injected 2 to 3 times to induce an efficent immune Response?
–> Memory cell production and better Quality antibodies
Innate immunity
- mediated by cells and proteins that are always present in Body
- no Need of activation of cells
- functions immediately
Major components of innate immuity (4)
- epithelial barriers (Skin, GI tract, resp. tract)
- phagocytic leukocytes (neutrophils and macrophages)
- NK cells
- circulating Plasma proteins, complement system
Disadvantages of innate immunity
- limited number of cells
- receptors of cells are not that specialized
Adaptive/ acquired immunity
- more powerful
- normally silent cells are acitvated by presence of microbes and neutralize and eliminate them
Components of adaptive immnity
B and T lymphocytes
- -> B cells (humoral immunity) produce antibodies
- -> T cells (cell mediated immunity) divide into cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells
surviving Memory cells
Advantages of acquired immunity
Long Lasting
specific receptors
Cell-mediated immunity types of cells
Helper T lymphocytes:
- microbes are in macrophages
- helper T cells bind to macrophages and activate eliminatin of microbes
Cytotoxic C
- microbes replicate woithin host cells
- Cytotoxic T cells bind to cells
- kill infected cells and eliminate resevoirs
Active immunity vs Passive immunity
Active:
- microbial Antigen into Patient (vaccine/ infection)
- Infection of Patient
- recovery –> immunity with specificity and Memory
Passive:
- Antibodies in Serum into Patient
- infection in Patient
- recovery –> immunity with specificity but without memory
What are effectors?
which ones are there?
Cells that actively respond to Stimuli and perform certain functions
leukocytes: lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocytes
in tissues: mast cells, macrophages
Lymphocytes
types
circultate between tissues and peripheral lymphoid Organs
B cells:
- from bone marrow
- secrete antibodies
- bind to and eliminate extracellular microbes
T cells:
- from Thymus
- Combat intracellular microbes
- T hleper: produce cytokines
- Cytotoxic C: kill target cells
Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs)
present Antigens (Peptides) to T lymphocytes localized in Skin and mucosa
- -> capture and deliver Antigens to peripheral lymphoid Organs
- -> dendritis cells are most professional
CD molecules
= cluster of Differentiation
types of cells can be distinguished by their Expression of Surface proteins
helper T cells: CD4+
cytotoxic T: CD8+
both are also CD3+ (is part of T cell receptor)
Central or Primary lymphoid organsq
generate lymphocytes in Thymus or bone marrow
maturation of B and T cells
Secondary or peripheral lymphoid Organs
Zones
- maintain mature naive lymphocytes
- initaite an adaptive immune Response
B cell Zone: lymphoid follcle
- ist central part (germinal Center) –> in secondary immune Response
T cell Zone:
Antigen presenting cells –> activation of T cells
Chemokines in both zones (both types express chemokine receptors)
Regional immune system
spezialized for Antigen caputre and presentation
- MALT
- GALT
- M cells (caputre and deliver Antigens to lamina propria)
- Peyers Patch (B and T cell zones)
Adhesion molecules
membrane-bound proteins
function: cell to cell interaction and interaction with extracellular structures
Cytokines
soluble proteins secreted by various cells recognized by specific receptors
participate in Inflammation, hemopoesis, cell Differentiation and activation and Inhibition
Chemokines
chemotactic cytokines recognized by specific receptors
are involved in cell migration
