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Cytogenetics > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Major parts of cells

A

Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus

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2
Q

Membrane bound structures

Involved in the different metabolic activities of the cell

A

Cytoplasmic organelles

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3
Q

Small, electrons opaque particles of RNA and numerous proteins.

A

Ribosomes

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4
Q

Inclusion bodies

A

Secretory granules
Fat droplets
Water droplets
Pigments

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5
Q

Structures that form the framework of the cell

A

Cytoskeleton

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6
Q

Fine filaments coursing throughout the cytoplasm

Commonly occur as a thin sheet of filaments near the plasmalema

A

Microfilaments

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7
Q

Smooth muscle filaments

A

Tonofilaments

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8
Q

Striated muscle filaments

A

Myofilaments

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9
Q

Nerve cell

A

Neurofilaments

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10
Q

Usually found at the center of the cell

A

Nucleus

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11
Q

Composition of nucleus

A

Nuclear membrane
Chromatin materials
Nucleolus/li
Nucleopplasm

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12
Q

Cellular reproduction thru mitosis

A

Somatic cells

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13
Q

Cellular reproduction of somatic cells

A

Meiosis

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14
Q

Two daughter cells are produced, each with a chromosomal karyotype identical to that of the mother cell

A

Mitosis

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15
Q

Chromosome condense to form a compact structure and become visible
Chromosomes attached to the nuclear membrane via their telomeres

A

Prophase 1-1. Leptotene

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16
Q

Pairing of homologous chromosomes- chromosomal synapsis

Formation of a complex structure - synaptonemal complex - bivalent or tetrad

A

Prophase 1-2 Zygotene

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17
Q

Crossing over of nonsister chromatids of homologous chromosomes occurs at the recombination nodules
Chromosomes remain linked at the sites o crossing over

A

Prophase 1 - 3 pachytene

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18
Q

Dissolution of the synaptonemal complex and separation of the homologous chromosomes of the bivalents or tetrad except at the sites of crossing over

A

Prophase 1-4 diplotene

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19
Q

The X shaped structures formed during the separation are known as ———

A

Chiasmata

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20
Q

Marked by the termination of chiasmata and assembly of meiotic spindle to separate the homologous chromosomes

A

Prophase 1-5 diakinesis

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21
Q

The bivalents/ tetrads align at the equatorial plate and microtubules from the opposite poles attach to the pairs homologous chromosomes.

A

Metaphase 1

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22
Q

Homologous chromosomes separate while keeping the sister chromatids associated at their centromeres

A

Anaphase 1

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23
Q

Nuclear membrane reappears and is followed by cytokinesis to give rise to a dyad of cells

A

Telophase 1

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24
Q

Creates the haploid gametes that fuse together during the process of sexual reproduction

A

Meiosis

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25
Q

Study of cells

A

Cytology

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26
Q

Study of genetic materials

A

Genetics

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27
Q

The science that converges cytology and genetics

A

Cytogenetics

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28
Q

Concerned with the study of the structure and function of the cell, especially the chromosomes

A

Cytogenetics

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29
Q

A clinical laboratory scientist who carries out diagnostic testing, including culturing, harvesting, staining, photomicroscopy and chromosome analysis.

A

Cytogenetic technologist

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30
Q

Gave the first account of mitosis

1873

A

Franz Anton Schneider

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31
Q

Discovered fertilization in both plants and animals

1875

A

Oscar Hertwig

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32
Q

Showed that nuclear division involves a longitudinal splitting of the chromosomes
1879

A

Walther Flemming

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33
Q

Coined the term mitosis

1882

A

Walther Flemming

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34
Q

Coined the term chromosomes

1888

A

Heinrich Wilhelm Waldeyer

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35
Q

Described the sex chromosome

1902

A

Clarence E. Chung

36
Q

Advanced the chromosome theory of heredity

1902

A

Walter S. Sutton

37
Q

Introduced the terms: genetics, homozygote, heterozygote F1 and F2
1902

A

William Bateson

38
Q

Coined the words, gene, genotype and phenotype

1909

A

Wilhelm johannsen

39
Q

Suggested that exchanges between non-sister chromatids produce chiasmata
1909

A

Frans Alfons Jansses

40
Q

Discovered different types of chromosomal abnormalities and aberrations
1917-23

A

Calvin B. Bridges

41
Q

Noble prize for his development of the “Gene Theory”

1933

A

Thomas Hunt Morgan

42
Q

Quantity of DNA for each haploid set of chromosomes is constant in the different cells of an organisms
1948

A

Andre Boivin, Roger Vendrely, Collete Vendrely

43
Q

Demonstrated that the numbers of adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine groups in DNA are always equal
1950

A

Erwin Chargaft

44
Q

Proposed the DNA model

1953

A

James Dewey Watson

Francis Harry Compton Crick

45
Q

Cracked mRNA code

1961

A

Marshall W. Nirenberg

J. Heinrich Matthaei

46
Q

Showed that the genetic language is made up of three letter words
1961

A

Francis H.C. Crick & colleagues

47
Q

Nobel prize for DNA structure

1962

A

James D. Watson
F. H. C. Crick
Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins

48
Q

Worked out the complete genetic code

1968

A

Marshall W. Nirenberg

Har Gobind Khorana

49
Q

Nobel prize for deciphering genetic code

1968

A

Marshall W. Nirenberg
Har G. Khorana
Robert William H. Holley

50
Q

Bodies of tightly bound DNA and proteins that reside inside the cells of organisms.

A

Chromosomes

51
Q

These bodies help keep genetic information safe and compact, making replication easy when it’s time for cells to divide.

A

Chromosome

52
Q

Site of gene location

A

Chromosome

53
Q

The complete set of chromosomes derived from both parents

A

Genome

54
Q

46 chromosomes

A

Diploid

55
Q

23 chromosomes

A

Haploid

56
Q

Composition of chromosome

A

Long arm “q”
Short arm “p”
Centromere

57
Q

A small body at the construction in a chromosome where it is attached to spindle fibers

A

Centromeres

58
Q

A polar body which connect two strands of the chromosome

A

Centromere

59
Q

Types of chromosomes

A

Metacentric
Submeracentric
Acrocentric
Telocentric

60
Q

Divides the chromosomes into two arms of equal length

A

Metacentric chromosome

61
Q

Centromere is very close to but not located at the end of one strand

A

Acrocentric

62
Q

The centromere is intermediate in position between that of the metacentric and acrocentric chromosomes

A

Sub-metacentric/ sub median centric chromosome

63
Q

Centromere is found at the very distal part or at the tip of the chromosomes

A

Telocentric

64
Q

Not normally found in humans

A

Telocentric

65
Q

Determines the karyotype of normal human chromosomes

Done through karyotyping

A

Groupings

66
Q

Output of karyotyping

A

Idiogram

67
Q

Technique for preparation of chromosomes, known as culture techniques for blood or tissue

A

Karyotyping

68
Q

The process of matching pairs of chromosomes in accordance with standard basis of classification

A

Karyotyping

69
Q

a diagrammatic representation of a karyotype of an individual

A

Idiogram

70
Q

Involves the use of fluorescent probes-pieces of DNA that bind to corresponding DNA chromosomes

A

Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization

71
Q

Pyramidine base

A

Guanine Cytosine

72
Q

Purine Base

A

Adenosine

Thymine

73
Q

Probe tagged with fluorophores

Probe with target antibodies: biotin ID/ streptavidin

A

Fish :probe

74
Q

Probes that hybridize along an entire chromosome are used to count the number of a certain chromosome, show translocations, or identify extrachromosomal fragments of chromatin

A

Whole- chromosomes painting probe

75
Q

A mixture of smaller probes can be created that is specific to a particular region (locus) of DNA; these mixtures are used to detect deletion mutation

A

Special Locus-specific probe mixtures

76
Q

Often used to count chromosomes, by binding to the centromeric region of chromosomes, which are unique enough to identify each chromosomes (except 13, 14, 21, 22)

A

Fish probe: special

77
Q

Fish : dye

A

Primary colors
Secondary colors
ROY G BIV

78
Q

Created by mixing the correct ratio of two sets of differently colored probes for the same chromosome

A

M-fish

79
Q

Double vision fish

Designed so that the secondary color will be present or absent in cases of interest

A

D- fish

80
Q

Break apart fish
Absence of secondary colors
Used to investigate translocation where only one of the breakpoints is known or constant

A

BA Fish

81
Q

Spectral karyotyping
This technique is used to identify structural chromosome aberrations in cancer cells and other disease conditions when Giemsa banding or other techniques are not accurate enough

A

Sky technique

82
Q

A molecular technique used to simultaneously visualize all the pairs of chromosomes in an organism in different colors

A

Sky technique

83
Q

A technique used to quantify the DNA copy number on a genomic scale

A

Digital karyotyping

84
Q

Also known as virtual karyotyping w

A

Digital karyotyping

85
Q

Uses digital cytogenetic analyzer

A

Digital karyotyping

Cytogenetics (1 decks)

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