Introduction

Question 1

what are the levels of structural organization starting from lowest to largest

Answer 1

1. chemical level – lowest level; includes all atoms and molecules essential for maintaining life
2. cellular level – cells are the basic structural and functional units of life; formed from molecules and atoms
3. tissue level – tissues are groups of similar cell types and the extracellular matrix around them; cells work for a common function
4. organ level – organs are comprised of two or more different tissues; each organ has a specific function and shape
5. system level – consists of an association of related organs that have a common function
6. organismic level – highest level; all body parts are functioning together to comprise the individual

Question 2

Can you list the six important life processes of humans?

Answer 2

metabolism
responsiveness (excitability, irritability)
movement
growth
differentiation
reproduction

Question 3

What is metabolism?

Answer 3

Metabolism is the sum of all chemical processes in the body. it is broken down into catabolism and anabolism

Question 4

catabilism

Answer 4

breaking-down processes that provide energy by breaking large molecules into their components parts

Question 5

anabolism

Answer 5

building up processes that use energy and raw materials to build and maintain the body’s structural and functional components

Question 6

What is responsiveness (excitability, irritability)

Answer 6

Responsiveness is the ability to detect and respond to changes in the external and internal environments

Question 7

What roles do the nervous and endocrine systems have in responsiveness?

Answer 7

The nervous and endocrine systems detect changes in the environment, then integrate and interpret those changes.

Question 8

What roles do the muscles and glands have in responiveness?

Answer 8

Muscular and glandular tissues respond to input from the nervous and endocrine systems to elicit changes in the body to counteract changes in the environment.

Question 9

What is movement and what does it include?

Answer 9

Movement includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, tissues, cells, or even organelles within cells.

Question 10

What is growth and in what two ways can it occur?

Answer 10

Growth refers to an increase in size and complexity of an individual. It can occur as:
(1) an increase in the number and size of cells and as

(2) an increase in the amount of extracellular matrix between
cells, pushing the cells farther apart.

Question 11

What is differentiation?

Answer 11

Differentiation is the process a cell undergoes as it moves developmentally from an unspecialized stage to a more specialized one.

Question 12

What is reproduction?

Answer 12

Reproduction refers either to the formation of new cells for growth, repair, or replacement (mitosis), or to the production of a new individual (sexual).

Question 13

What is the anatomical position?

Answer 13

The subject stands upright facing the observer, with feet flat on the floor, arms at the sides, palms and eyes facing forward.

Question 14

sagittal plane

Answer 14

vertical plane that divides a structure into right and left sides.

Question 15

frontal (coronal) plane

Answer 15

divides the body or part into anterior (front) and posterior (back).

Question 16

transverse (horizontal or cross) plane

Answer 16

divides the body or part into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) parts.

Question 17

An oblique plane

Answer 17

passes through the body or part at an angle between the transverse plane and the others.

Question 18

What are the five sections you can make through the body or a body part?

Answer 18

midsagittal, parasagittal, transverse, frontal, oblique

Question 19

What is a body cavity?

Answer 19

Body cavities are confined spaces within the body that separate internal organs and serve to protect, separate, and support the organs. There are two, dorsal and ventral

Question 20

Name the subdivisions of the dorsal cavity?

Answer 20

cranial cavity contains the brain

vertebral (spinal) cavity contains the spinal cord

Question 21

Name the subdivisions of the ventral body cavity?

Answer 21

thoracic cavity contains the pleural cavities (lungs)
mediastinum:
anterior
middle (pericardial cavity)
posterior

abdominopelvic

Question 22

How is the ventral body cavity divided?

Answer 22

The abdominopelvic cavity is separated from the thoracic cavity by the muscular diaphragm.

An imaginary plane lying across the bony pelvis separates the abdomen and pelvis.

Question 23

define Homeostasis

Answer 23

A condition in which the body’s internal environment remains within certain physiological limits

Question 24

What three conditions must be maintained at all times to ensure that a cell remains in homeostasis?

Answer 24

1. optimum levels of gases, ions, nutrients, water
2. optimum temperature
3. optimum pressure

Question 25

Why must the fluid bathing body cells by precisely maintained?

Answer 25

For the cells of the body to live, the composition of their surrounding fluids must be precisely maintained at all times, since this is the fluid with which they exchange materials

Question 26

Define extracellular fluid and its two major components?

Answer 26

Extracellular fluid (ECF) is that fluid outside of cells:

1. Interstitial fluid (intercellular or tissue fluid) is that fluid filling the
   narrow spaces between the cells.
2. Plasma is the fluid components of the blood

Question 27

What is intracellular fluid?

Answer 27

Intracellular fluid is the fluid within cells.

Question 28

Describe, then, why interstitial fluid is considered to be the internal environment.

Answer 28

There is constant movement of water and solutes between these three compartments. Because the interstitial fluid services the intracellular fluid, the interstitial fluid is said to be the internal environment.

Question 29

what two systems effect the homeostatic response of the body

Answer 29

the endocrine system and the nervous system

Question 30

How does the nervous system operate to return the body to within normal limits?

Answer 30

The nervous system is the body’s rapid-response system, using electrical messages to counteract stress and return the body to within normal ranges.

Question 31

How does the endocrine system operate to return the body to within normal limits?

Answer 31

The endocrine system is the body’s long-term regulator, using chemical messengers called hormones to maintain the body within normal ranges

Question 32

Define the concept of a feedback system.

Answer 32

A feedback system (loop) is a cycle of events in which status of a condition is continuously monitored and information regarding the condition is fed back (reported) to a central control region. There are three basic components

Question 33

Name and describe the three components necessary for successful operation of a feedback system.

Answer 33

The control center determines the point at which some aspect of the body, called the controlled condition, should be maintained.

The receptor monitors changes in the controlled condition and then sends information, called the input, to the control center. Any stress that changes the controlled condition is called the stimulus.

The effector receives information, called the output, from the control center and produces a response. The response is continually monitored by the receptor and information is fed back to the control center.

Question 34

what is negative feedback

Answer 34

the response of the body reverses the original stimulus. These systems maintain conditions that require frequent monitoring and fine adjustment

Question 35

what is positive feedback

Answer 35

the response of the body enhances the original stimulus. This type of control system is used much less frequently than negative feedback (blood clotting, childbirth, etc.)