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Pharmacology 1 > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Drug

A

Substance used in treatment, diagnosis, prevention, or mitigation of disease
- endogenous or xenobiotic

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2
Q

Pharmacology

A

Science dealing with the properties of drugs and their effects on living systems
- properties and reactions of drugs especially with relation to their therapeutic value

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3
Q

Pharmacy

A

Separate and complementary health-care profession concerned with collection, preparation, standardization, and dispensing of drugs
- art of preparing, preserving, compounding, and dispensing drugs

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4
Q

Clinical pharmacology

A

Branch of pharmacology dealing with effectiveness and safety of drugs in the clinical setting

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5
Q

Dose

A

Amount of drug given at one time

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6
Q

What 4 components are needed to write a dosage?

A

Amount of drug given (dose), route of administration, interval between doses, and duration of therapy

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7
Q

Potency

A

Measurement of biological activity

  • amount of drug needed to achieve a specified biological effect
  • is not medically significant
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8
Q

Efficacy

A

Ability of a drug to control or cure and illness

  • maximal response that can be elicited by a drug
  • effectiveness
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9
Q

Vehicle

A

Carrier or inert medium used as a solvent (or diluent) in which the medicinally active agent is formulated and or administered

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10
Q

Excipients and binders

A

Inert substances added to a formulation in order to provide suitable consistency to the dosage form
- ex: binder, matrix, base or diluent in pills, tablets, creams, etc

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11
Q

What is the difference between excipients and binders?

A
  • excipient: prevents gumming of machinery that makes the tablet
  • binder: helps hold the tablet together
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12
Q

Most of the actual mass of a tablet is _____

A

Inert

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13
Q

ADME

A

Disposition of a drug as described by its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion

  • qualitative measure
  • ex: pharmacokinetics
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14
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

Mathematical description of drug disposition in the body

  • ex: half life, volume of distribution
  • relates drug dose to plasma concentration
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15
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

Relates drug concentration to effect

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16
Q

Tolerance

A

Responsiveness decreases with continued drug administration

- down regulation of receptors

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17
Q

Tachyphylaxis

A

Rapid development of tolerance

- down regulation of receptors

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18
Q

Trade name

A

Proper noun identifying a company’s version of that drug

- is always capitalized!

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19
Q

Official name

A

Nonproprietary, referred to as the generic name

- not capitalized

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20
Q

Type A adverse reaction

A

Adverse event that can be anticipated based on the known mechanism of the drug
- is usually dose dependent

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21
Q

Type B adverse reaction

A

Adverse event that is idiosyncratic, unpredictable, and often nondose-dependent

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22
Q

Therapeutic index

A

Margin of safety, qualitative description

  • difference between effective dose and lethal dose
  • want a greater difference, or a high therapeutic index
23
Q

Extra label drug use

A

Use of a drug in a species, route, dosage, or indication other than indicated on the label
- allowed only by veterinarians and the guidelines of the Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act

24
Q

Clinical trial

A

Study to establish the safety and efficacy of a drug compared to a placebo or an established treatment

25
Q

Placebo

A

Substance or treatment with no active therapeutic effect given to deceive the recipient into thinking that it is an active treatment
- accounts for 50% of benefit, so you must have a placebo in a clinical trial as a control

26
Q

Placebo effect

A

A beneficial health outcome resulting from a person’s anticipation that an intervention will help them
- commonly seen in owners

27
Q

Solution

A

Homogenous mixtures formed by the mixing of a solid, liquid, or gaseous substance (solute) with a liquid (solvent)

  • drug is actually dissolved completely
  • can go IV or other routes
28
Q

Suspension

A

Colloids with a liquid continuous phase and solid dispersed phase

  • water-insoluble drugs may be given as suspensions
  • do not need to be mixed prior to use
  • NEVER give IV!!
29
Q

Emulsion

A

Colloids of 2 immiscible liquids where either phase may be either fatty or aqueous

  • lipid-in-water emulsions are usually liquid
  • water-in-lipid emulsions are creams
  • some can go IV, some can’t
  • ex: propofol
  • add emulsions to prevent separation of oil and water
30
Q

Agonist

A

Substance binding to a receptor that induces a physiologic action
- aka: pressor, mimetic

31
Q

Antagonist

A

Substance binding to a receptor that blocks the action of an agonist

  • alters tone, does not cause an effect in itself
  • aka: blocker, lytic
32
Q

Are there endogenous antagonists?

A

No, are always referring to a drug given exogenously

33
Q

Physiologic antagonist

A

Occurs when drugs are antagonistic because of opposing effects at different receptors

  • both are agonists, but they are opposing in action
  • ex: allergic reactions and histamine release
34
Q

Competitive antagonists

A

Constant release and reattachment of both agonist and antagonist
- magnitude of the effect is dependent on the amount of drug present and the affinity constant (rate of binding and release) of that drug for the receptor

35
Q

Noncompetitive antagonists

A

Permanently bind to the receptor

  • new receptor must be created
  • rare
36
Q

Dose-response curve

A

A competitive antagonist can be overcome by adding more agonist

  • lower dose: no response
  • max dose: all receptors are occupied, so giving more drug will have no effect
37
Q

Peak concentration

A

Highest concentration in the drug measured after it is administered before administration of a second dose

38
Q

Trough concentration

A

Lowest concentration in the drug measured after it is administered

39
Q

LD50

A

Lethal dose at 50% of animals

40
Q

ED50

A

Effective dose at 50% of animals

41
Q

Certain safety factor

A

Alternative to the therapeutic index as an index of safety

- LD1/ED99

42
Q

Minimum effective concentration

A

Lowest concentration that produces a desired effect

- aka: lowest observed (adverse) effect level (LOEL)

43
Q

Maximum nontoxic dose

A

MNTD, highest dose that does not produce toxicity

- no observed (adverse) effect level (NOEL)

44
Q

Maximum nontoxic concentration

A

Highest concentration that does not produce toxicity

45
Q

Partial agonist

A

Pure agonist blocked

- does not stimulate receptor maximally

46
Q

Trademark symbols

A
  • R: registered trademark, company has exclusive legal right to use trademark
  • TM: unregistered trademark, limited legal status but notifies public the company considers this name as their property
47
Q

What is the purpose of an injectable formulation?

A

To change the water solubility of a drug and its absorption characteristics

48
Q

What is the speed of onset for a drug with receptors located in the nucleus?

A

Slow or delayed onset (hours) due to creation of regulatory proteins
- ex: steroids

49
Q

The magnitude of the effect of a drug is dependent on what 2 properties?

A

The amount of the drug present and the affinity constant (rate of binding and release) of that drug for the receptor

  • the longer it attaches, the longer the effect
  • is true for competitive antagonists
50
Q

Additive

A

Summation of effects of 2 drugs

- ex: use one drug to treat gram pos and one to treat gram neg bacteria

51
Q

Synergistic

A

2+2=5
- ex: a combo drug used as an antibiotic that is used to treat bacteria sensitive to the combo drug but resistant to each individual drug

52
Q

Antagonistic combo drug

A

One drug antagonizes the action of the other

53
Q

Assuming a “normal distribution”, state the percentage of that population that would be expected
to be encompassed by 1, 2, and 3 standard deviations from the mean response

A

1 - 68.2%
2- 95.4%
3 - 99.7%

54
Q

Explain why the concentration of a drug might be stated in “units per ml” rather than “mg per ml”

A

A unit is a measurement of biological activity (usually hormones, heparin, etc)
- most liquids are measured in mg/ml

Pharmacology 1 (15 decks)

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