Introduction

Question 1

What is the approach to diagnosing neuronal problems

Answer 1

Traumatic
•Vascular
•Toxic/Metabolic
•Infectious
•Inflammatory/Autoimmune
•Genetic-congenital
•Neoplastic
•Degenerative

Question 2

What are the features of an examination of neurological problems

Answer 2

Cognitive/thinking abilities: ‘Mini Mental State Examination’

• Cranial Nerves-Smell, Vision, Eye movements, Facial sensation and movements
• Limbs-Power, Coordination, Reflexes and Sensation

Question 3

What can be done to investigate neurological problems

Answer 3

Brain Scans- CT and MRI

• Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) - Lumbar puncture
• Nerve Conduction Studies and Electromyography (EMG)
• Electroencephalogram (EEG) and Evoked Potentials
• Brain pathology – damage to cells or larger structures

Question 4

Describe a mini mental state examination

Answer 4

Orientation
•What is the (year) (season) (date) (day) (month)?5 Where are we: (country) (city) (part of city) (number of flat/house) (name of street)?5
•
Registration
•Name three objects: one second to say each.
Then ask the patient to name all three after you have said them.
Give one point for each correct answer.
Then repeat them until he learns all three.
Count trials and record.3
•
TRIALS
Attention and calculation
•Serial 7s: one point for each correct.
Stop after five answers.
Alternatively spell ‘world’ backwards.5
•
Recall
•Ask for the three objects repeated above.
Give one point for each correct.3
•
Language
•Name a pencil and watch (two points).
Repeat the following: ‘No ifs, ands or buts’ (one point).
Follow a three-stage command: ‘Take a paper in your right hand, fold it in half and put it on the floor’ (three points).
Read and obey the following: Close your eyes (one point).
Write a sentence (one point).
Copy a design (one point).

Question 5

Describe how axons package into nerves

Answer 5

Nerves bundled into fasciles surrounded by perineurium
Nerve surrounded by epineurium
Some axons surrounded by myelin and andoneurium

Question 6

Describe regeneration in the CNS and PNS

Answer 6

Can occur in PNS

Can not occur in CNS since axons unable to regenerate over long enough distances to be useful