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Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

WIT: The study of monocular visual perception and its physiological basis and application to clinical practice

A

Psychophysics and Physiology & Monocular Vision (PPMV)

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2
Q

These cells have long axons that converge to the optic disc and form the 2nd cranial nerve

A

The ganglion cells

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3
Q

Where do the ganglion cells synapse?

A

The LGN

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4
Q

How does the striate cortex communicate between right and left visual cortex?

A

The corpus callosum

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5
Q

The central 10 degrees of the visual field occupies what percent of the striate cortex? It is overrepresented where?

A

50% of striate cortex

overrepresented in V1

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6
Q

Photopic conditions use what type of PR?

A

cones

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7
Q

Mesopic conditions use what type of PR?

A

Rod and Cone

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8
Q

Scotopic conditions use what type of PR?

A

Rods

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9
Q

Rods are essential for what type of vision?

A

Night vision

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10
Q

How many types of cones are there?

A

3 types

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11
Q

In scotopic conditions there is a loss of color vision and peripheral vision is used. What is the average luminosity threshold ?

A

507nm

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12
Q

In photopic conditions, central vision is used. What is the average luminosity threshold?

A

555nm

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13
Q

How many discs are in a rod? What are rods maintained by?

A

1000 discs

maintained by Vit. A and Opsin

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14
Q

What is the photopigment found in the discs? One disc contains how many molecules of this pigment?

A

Rhodopsin

10K molecules

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15
Q

How many photons are needed to elicit a visual response in a rod?

A

6-10 photons

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16
Q

How many photons are needed to activate a cone? How many cones are needed to elicit a visual response?

A

5 photons

2 cones

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17
Q

Cyanolabe cones are what color? What type of cone is it? What’s the wavelength?

A

blue
S cone (short)
426nm

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18
Q

Chorolabe cones are what color? What type of cone is it? What’s the wavelength?

A

Green
M cone (medium)
530nm

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19
Q

Erythrolabe cones are what color? What type of cone is it? What’s the wavelength?

A

Red
L cone (long)
557nm

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20
Q

WIT: The difference in sensitivity between scotopic and photopic systems for a given wavelength

A

Photochromatic Interval

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21
Q

The scotopic system is more sensitive to light than the photopic at all wavelengths except ?

A

in the long wavelength at 650 nm

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22
Q

At 650nm, the photocromatic interval is ___ because all rods and cones are equally sensitive.

A

0

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23
Q

WIT: The relative increase in the brightness of longer wavelngth stimuli as lighting conditions change from scotopic to photopic and back?

A

Purkinje Shift

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24
Q

The eye is most sensitive to what color during the day?

A

yellow-green

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25
Q

The eye is most sensitive to what color at dusk?

A

green-blue

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26
Q

When a rod or cone absorbs a photon it becomes ?

A

Hyperpolarized

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27
Q

50% of rhodopsin recovers in __ minutes, 50% of cone pigment recovers in __ minutes.

A 
rod = 5 mins
cone = 1.5 mins
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28
Q

PR are 1st order neurons considered to be _____ neurons

A

modified

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29
Q

In the dark, PR are _______. What inhibitory NT is released to block bipolar cells?

A
  • PR are depolarized

- Glutamate is released

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30
Q

In the light, PR are _______. This allows vision to occur.

A
  • PR are hyperpolarized
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31
Q

How many total PRs? How many rods? How many cones?

A

> 125 million PR
~ 120 million rods
~ 6 million cones

32
Q

What % of vision depends on the cones?

33
Q

Where are there no PR in the retina?

A
  1. The ON

2. 15 degrees temporal to fovea

34
Q

Where are rods packed most densely?

A

at 20 degrees from the fovea

35
Q

Where are cones packed most densely?

A

at the fovea

36
Q

90-95% of cone population are what types of cones?

A

L & M cones

37
Q

S cones make up what % of cone population?

38
Q

In the fovea, inner retinal elements are pushed aside and light falls directly where?

A

on the cone outer segments

39
Q

The foveola only contains what type of PRs?

40
Q

WIT: nonphotosensitive yellow pigment in the inner retina that absorbs blue light?

A

Macula Lutea

41
Q

What are the 4 functions of the RPE?

A
  1. Provides metabolic support
  2. Provides structural support
  3. Storage of Vit.A
  4. Absorbs extra photons
42
Q

The PRs synapse on what 2nd order neuron?

A

Retinal bipolar cells

43
Q

A midget bipolar cell only contacts how many cones?

44
Q

A diffuse bipolar cell contacts how many cones?

A

5-10 cones

45
Q

What cells are responsible for the horizontal transmission of retinal info? Are these cells excitatory or inhibitory?

A

Horizontal and amacrine cells

- both inhibitory

46
Q

Horizontal cells receives in put from what?

47
Q

Horizontal cells release what inhibitory neurotransmitter in response to a depolarized photoreceptor?

48
Q

Amacrine cells receive input from what? What cell does it contact?

A

Bipolar cells

contacts ganglion cells

49
Q

Amacrine releases what inhibitory NT to ganglion cells to stop them from firing?

50
Q

Bipolar cells synapse on what 3rd order neuron?

A

Ganglion cells

51
Q

approx how many ganglion cells do we have?

52
Q

In the periphery, ganglion cells integrate information from how many degrees of the retina

53
Q

For on-center ganglion cells, light causes what?

A

Light = excitation

54
Q

For off-center ganglion cells, light causes what?

A

Light = inhibition

55
Q

What are teh 3 types of ganglion cells?

A
  1. Parasol
  2. Midget
  3. Small bistratified
56
Q

The ipsilateral eye projects to what layers of the LGN?

57
Q

The contralateral eye projects to what layers of the LGN?

58
Q

The 6 layers of the LGN have an upper and lower section. Upper contains what 3 things?

A
  1. Larger cell bodies
  2. Magnocellular Layer
  3. Parvocellular Layer
59
Q

The lower layers of the LGN contain what 2 things?

A
  1. Smaller cell bodies

2. Koniocellular Layer

60
Q

The magnocellular layer contains what 3 things?

A
  1. Larger Cells
  2. Magno (M-cells)
  3. Layers 1 &2 of LGN
61
Q

The Parvocellular layer contains what 3 things?

A
  1. Smaller cells
  2. Parvo (P-cells)
  3. Layers 3 to 6 of LGN
62
Q

The Koniocellular layer contains what 2 things?

A
  1. Small cells

2. Layers 1-6 of LGN

63
Q

The magnocellular layer receives input from what ganglion cells?

A

Parasol ganglion cells

64
Q

The parvocellular layer receives input from what ganglion cells?

A

Midget ganglion cells

65
Q

The koniocellular layer receives input from what ganglion cells?

A

Small bistratified cells

66
Q

The parvo retinogeniculate pathway does what?

A

details red and green color

67
Q

The magno retinogeniculate pathway does what?

A

fast movement

68
Q

The konio retinogeniculate pathway does what?

A

details blue and yellow color

69
Q

What is the new photosensitive ganglion cell?

A

ipRGC (intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell)

70
Q

What pigment does the ipRGC contain? What’s it’s wavelength

A

Melanopsin

- 480nm

71
Q

What are the 3 functions of the ipRGC>

A
  1. maintain circadian rhythm
  2. Pupil control
  3. Release/suppression of melatonin in pineal gland
72
Q

PRs send messages when they are ____.

A

hyperpolarized

73
Q

Bipolar/Ganglion cells send messages when they are___?

A

Depolarized

74
Q

What are the response, sensitivity and DA of rods?

A
  1. Large/slow response
  2. High sensitivity
  3. Slow dark adaptation
75
Q

What are the response, sensitivity and DA of cones?

A
  1. Small/fast response
  2. Low sensitivity
  3. Fast dark adaptation

PPMV (6 decks)

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