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BS3003 Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

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1
Q

After heart disease, what is the single largest cause of death in the UK and most countries of the developed world?

A

Cancer

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2
Q

After heart disease, what is the single largest cause of death in the UK and most countries of the developed world?

A

Cancer

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3
Q

How many people will suffer from cancer at some point in their life in the UK?

A

> 1 in 3

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4
Q

How many people will die from cancer in the UK?

A

> 1 in 4

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5
Q

What percentage of deaths in the UK are caused by cancer?

A

27%

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6
Q

Which 4 cancer are responsible for the most deaths in the UK?

A

22% - lung cancer
10% - colorectal cancer
16% (women) - breast cancer
13% (men) - prostate cancer

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7
Q

How many different types of cancer are there?

A

> 200, but most are very rare

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8
Q

Are survival rates for different cancers the same?

A

No, they vary

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9
Q

Are cancer survival rates improving?

A

Yes, steadily

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10
Q

Overall, cancer deaths fell by what percentage between 1978 and 2007?

A

19%

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11
Q

What does the fall in cancer deaths reflect?

A

Improved early diagnosis as well as improved treatments

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12
Q

Can cancers be ‘cured’?

A

Some cancers can whereas others cannot

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13
Q

In some cancers, e.g. testicular and ovarian cancer, survival rates relative to the general population are the same after..

A

..10 years or after 5 years, hence life expectancy is the same
(This is not true of other cancers, e.g. prostate or breast cancer)

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14
Q

Is cancer an age-related disease?

A

Yes

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15
Q

Cancer is a disease predominantly of older people. What percentage of cases are over 60 years old?

A

74%

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16
Q

What percentage of cancer cases are in children ages 0-14 years?

A
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17
Q

In the 15-24 year age group, how many cases of cancer were diagnosed in 2006?

A

1875

Most common are lymphoma, testicular cancer, melanoma and leukaemia

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18
Q

What are the 2 ways in which we can combat cancer?

A

Prevention and treatment

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19
Q

How many people will suffer from cancer at some point in their life in the UK?

A

> 1 in 3

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20
Q

How many people will die from cancer in the UK?

A

> 1 in 4

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21
Q

What percentage of deaths in the UK are caused by cancer?

A

27%

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22
Q

Which 4 cancer are responsible for the most deaths in the UK?

A

22% - lung cancer
10% - colorectal cancer
16% (women) - breast cancer
13% (men) - prostate cancer

23
Q

How many different types of cancer are there?

A

> 200, but most are very rare

24
Q

Are survival rates for different cancers the same?

A

No, they vary

25
Q

Are cancer survival rates improving?

A

Yes, steadily

26
Q

Overall, cancer deaths fell by what percentage between 1978 and 2007?

A

19%

27
Q

What does the fall in cancer deaths reflect?

A

Improved early diagnosis as well as improved treatments

28
Q

Can cancers be ‘cured’?

A

Some cancers can whereas others cannot

29
Q

In some cancers, e.g. testicular and ovarian cancer, survival rates relative to the general population are the same after..

A

..10 years or after 5 years, hence life expectancy is the same
(This is not true of other cancers, e.g. prostate or breast cancer)

30
Q

Is cancer an age-related disease?

A

Yes

31
Q

Cancer is a disease predominantly of older people. What percentage of cases are over 60 years old?

A

74%

32
Q

What percentage of cancer cases are in children ages 0-14 years?

A
33
Q

In the 15-24 year age group, how many cases of cancer were diagnosed in 2006?

A

1875

Most common are lymphoma, testicular cancer, melanoma and leukaemia

34
Q

How many cases of pre-invasive cervical carcinoma are diagnosed in young women (15-24 years) each year through smear testing?

A

~4000

35
Q

What are the 2 ways in which we can combat cancer?

A

Prevention and treatment

36
Q

What is the advantage of rational drug discovery?

A

It allows treatment to be tailored to the specific tumour of a specific patient ‘stratified or personalised medicine’

37
Q

How many cancer deaths are linked to smoking?

A

1 in 4

38
Q

What percentage of lung cancer deaths are linked to smoking?

A

> 80%

39
Q

Which of the 4 big cancers has one of the lowest 5 year survival rates (6%)?

A

Lung cancer

40
Q

What cancers (other than lung cancer) is smoking also linked to?

A

Mouth, throat, liver, bladder etc.

41
Q

Smoking is also a serious risk factor for what other diseases?

A

Heart disease and stroke

42
Q

How many people has smoking killed in the last 50 years?

A

> 6 million

43
Q

What are the 3 causes of cancer?

A

Lifestyle
Infectious agents
Genetics

44
Q

Give some examples of lifestyle causes of cancer

A 
Smoking
Obesity/poor diet
Sunlight
Lack of exercise
Occupational exposure
45
Q

Give some examples of infectious agents that cause cancer

A

Hepatitis viruses - liver cancer
Papillomaviruses - cervical cancer
Helicobacter pylori - stomach cancer

46
Q

What is meant by the genetic causes of cancer?

A

Inherited predispositions

47
Q

When we fail to prevent cancer, how can we treat cancer?

A

Surgery
Radiotherapy
Chemotherapy

48
Q

What does the current chemotherapy do and what is the aim for future chemotherapeutics?

A

Current - chemotherapeutics that kill dividing cells

Future - targeted drugs that selectively kill cancer cells

49
Q

What are the two types of cancer drug discovery?

A

Empirical drug discovery (chemotherapeutic compounds)

Rational drug discovery (targeted compounds)

50
Q

Define empirical drug discovery

A

Screen small molecule drug libraries against tumour models, e.g in a mouse

51
Q

What is the disadvantage of empirical drug discovery?

A

We often don’t know what the molecular target is, making it hard to determine which patients will benefit the most

52
Q

Define rational drug discovery

A

Screen small molecule drug libraries against a specific protein that plays a direct role in cancer progression

53
Q

What is the advantage of rational drug discovery?

A

It allows treatment to be tailored to the specific tumour of a specific patient ‘stratified or personalised medicine’

BS3003 Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology (4 decks)

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