Introduction

Question 1

Van Leeuwenhoek

Answer 1

Optics- discovered early microscopes

Discovered single-cell organisms

Question 2

Hooke

Answer 2

coined term ‘cell’ (monk’s room)

Question 3

Brown

Answer 3

Found ‘kernel’ of cell - nucleus

Question 4

Schleiden & Schwann

Answer 4

developed Cell Theory

• all organisms consist of one or more cells
• the cell is the basic structure of all organisms

Question 5

Cell Theory

Answer 5

• all organisms consist of one or more cells

- the cell is the basic structure of all organisms

Question 6

Prokaryotes and eukaryotes evolved from..

Answer 6

Primordial cell 4x10^9 yrs ago

Question 7

Prokaryotes

Answer 7

Single celled organisms

archaea & eubacteria

Question 8

Eukaryotes

Answer 8

• have compartmentation - different functional areas inside cell
• have a cytoskeleton (cell skeleton) - defined internal structure

Question 9

Prokaryotes

Answer 9

Single celled organisms
(archaea & eubacteria)
Cell wall, plasma membrane, DNA, ribosomes in cytosol, flagellum

Question 10

Eukaryotes

Answer 10

• have compartmentation - different functional areas inside cell
• have a cytoskeleton (cell skeleton) - defined internal structure

Question 11

Eukaryote vs prokaryote DNA

Answer 11

Eukaryote - DNA in nucleus ( enclosed intracellular compartment with a distinct membrane)
Prokaryote - no distinct nuclear compartment

Question 12

Prokaryotes (shapes & sizes)

Answer 12

Spherical cells (Streptococcus), Rod-shaped cells (E. coli, Vibrio cholerae), Spiral cells (Treponema pallidum),
Smallest cells (Mycoplasma, Spiroplasma),

Question 13

Prokaryotes (specialisation of function)

Answer 13

• live in enormous variety of ecological niches

- varied in biochemical capabilities

Question 14

Prokaryotes (basic cell structure)

Answer 14

Single celled organisms
(archaea & eubacteria)
Cell wall, plasma membrane, DNA, ribosomes in cytosol, flagellum

Question 15

Eukaryotes (basic cell structure)

Answer 15

• have compartmentation - different functional areas inside cell
• compartments: plasma membrane, nucleus & membrane, organelles (mitochondria, lysosomes, peroxisome)
• have a cytoskeleton (cell skeleton) - defined internal structure

Question 16

Eukaryotes (Multicellularity evoked: …)

Answer 16

• Specialisation: tissues & organs appeared as organisms became more complex
• Command/Control/Communication
• long/ short range signals
• quick/ long lasting
• specific (eg nervous)/ general (eg endocrine)

Question 17

Tools

Answer 17

• Microscopes
• Dyes & antibodies(selective molecules-only bind target areas)
• Microprobes(instruments that apply a beam of charged particles to a sample to determine the elemental composition)
• Fractionation
• Autoradiography

Question 18

Light Microscope- Compound Microscope (Optical tricks to see different components of cell without touching it)

Answer 18

• Bright-field: light passing through cells in culture forms image directly
• Phase-contrast: phase of light changed- more light through different wavelengths
• Differential interference: polarises light
• Dark-field: light rays directed at an angle - appears as bright object against a dark background.

Question 19

Dyes

Histology-stained cells & tissues

Answer 19

-Fluorescence:
-UV stimulation evokes tissue fluorescence (autofluorescence)
-Specific dyes fluoresce at different wavelengths (colours) when UV is shined on them.
- Antibodies & dyes
-Indicator Dyes
eg dye binds to Ca and fluoresces at different colours depending on conc of Ca

Question 20

Electron microscopes

Answer 20

TEM (transmission) shows structures inside cells in greater detail.

Question 21

Measure electrical activity in:

Answer 21

• Single channels: patch electrodes
• Membranes: microelectrodes & fluorescent dye
• Whole tissues: extracellular electrodes