Introduction

Question 1

What is pharmacology?

Answer 1

It is the study of substances that interact with living systems through chemical processes
especially by binding to regulatory mechanisms and activating or inhibiting normal body processes

Question 2

What is Medical Pharmacology?

Answer 2

It is the science of substances used to prevent, diagnose and treat disease

Question 3

What is toxicology?

Answer 3

It is the undesirable effects of chemicals to living systems

Question 4

What happened in the ancient times in the history of pharmacology?

Answer 4

ANCIENT TIMES

• Disease as consequence of demonic possession or wrath of god
• Healing properties of natural compounds
• Extensive use of plant, animal and mineral sources
• Egypt (Eber’s papyrus 16th century BC)
• China (Pen Tsa or “Great Herbal”)

Question 5

In the 18th and 19th century _____________began to develop the methods of pharmacology and experimental physiology

Answer 5

Francois Magendie

Question 6

What else are the other important discovery in the 18th and 19th century?

Answer 6

• Digitalis (foxglove),
• morphine (opium poppy),
• quinine (cinchona)

Question 7

In the 18th and 19th century, who_________________ syntehsized acetylsalicylic acid (1897)

Answer 7

Felix Hoffman

Question 8

What happened in the 20th century?

Answer 8

EARLY 20th CENTURY
Foundation needed for understanding how drugs work at the organ and tissue levels

Question 9

– “Agents do not act unless they are bound.”

Answer 9

Paul Ehrlich (1908)

Question 10

What happened in the modern Era?

Answer 10

• Understanding of the molecular basis for drug action
• Discovery of new drugs for previously untreatable conditions (AIDS, cancer, hypertension, DM)

Pharmacogenomics – relation of the genetic make up to response to specific drugs

Question 11

What is Drug?

Answer 11

any substance that produces a change in biologic function through its chemical actions

Question 12

What is an agonist?

Answer 12

Agonist –activator

Question 13

What is an Antagonist –

Answer 13

inhibitor

Question 14

Define Receptor?

Answer 14

molecule in the biologic system with which drug molecules interact;

regulatory role

Question 15

What are the nature of the drugs?

Answer 15

• Synthesized in the body (hormones)
• Chemicals not synthesized in the body
• Poisons – drugs that have exclusively harmful effects
• Toxins – poisons of biologic origin (from plants or animals)
• Drugs may be solid, liquid or gas à determine the best route of administration
• Drug size: MW 100 to MW 1000 à specificity of action
• Drugs interaction with receptors: covalent, electrostatic and hydrophobic bonds
• Drug’s shape is complimentary to that of the receptor site

Question 16

What are your Drug- Body Interactions?

Answer 16

• Pharmacodynamics
• Pharmacokinetics

Question 17

What is Pharmacodynamics?

Answer 17

PharmacoDynamics? – actions of the drug on the body

Question 18

What is Pharmacokinetics –?

Answer 18

actions of the body on the drug

Question 19

Pharmacodynamic Principles

Answer 19

• Types of Drug-Receptor Interaction
  
  • Agonist – drug binds to and activates receptor à effect
    
    • Full agonist – evoke maximum response
    • Partial agonists – do not evoke a great response
  • Antagonist – binds to receptor and prevents binding by other molecules
• Duration of drug action is determined
• Length of binding with the receptor
• Desensitization mechanism – prevents excessive activation over prolonged period
• Characteristics of receptors:
  
  • Selective – required to avoid constant activation
  • Ability to change its function upon binding – to bring about pharmacologic effect

Question 20

What is Full agonist – ?

Answer 20

evoke maximum response

Question 21

What is Partial agonists – ?

Answer 21

do not evoke a great respons

Question 22

What is Desensitization mechanism –?

Answer 22

** prevents excessive activation** over prolonged period

Question 23

What are the Characteristics of receptors:

Answer 23

• Selective – required to avoid constant activation
• Ability to change its function upon binding – to bring about pharmacologic effect

Question 24

Pharmacokinetic Principles

Answer 24

Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Elimination

Mechanisms of Permeation

Question 25

Mechanisms of Permeation

Answer 25

• Aqueous diffusion
• Lipid diffusion
• Special carriers
• Endocytosis and exocytosis