Introduction Flashcards
What is pharmacology?
It is the study of substances that interact with living systems through chemical processes
especially by binding to regulatory mechanisms and activating or inhibiting normal body processes
What is Medical Pharmacology?
It is the science of substances used to prevent, diagnose and treat disease
What is toxicology?
It is the undesirable effects of chemicals to living systems
What happened in the ancient times in the history of pharmacology?
ANCIENT TIMES
- Disease as consequence of demonic possession or wrath of god
- Healing properties of natural compounds
- Extensive use of plant, animal and mineral sources
- Egypt (Eber’s papyrus 16th century BC)
- China (Pen Tsa or “Great Herbal”)
In the 18th and 19th century _____________began to develop the methods of pharmacology and experimental physiology
Francois Magendie
What else are the other important discovery in the 18th and 19th century?
- Digitalis (foxglove),
- morphine (opium poppy),
- quinine (cinchona)
In the 18th and 19th century, who_________________ syntehsized acetylsalicylic acid (1897)
Felix Hoffman
What happened in the 20th century?
EARLY 20th CENTURY
Foundation needed for understanding how drugs work at the organ and tissue levels
– “Agents do not act unless they are bound.”
Paul Ehrlich (1908)
What happened in the modern Era?
- Understanding of the molecular basis for drug action
- Discovery of new drugs for previously untreatable conditions (AIDS, cancer, hypertension, DM)
Pharmacogenomics – relation of the genetic make up to response to specific drugs
What is Drug?
any substance that produces a change in biologic function through its chemical actions
What is an agonist?
Agonist –activator
What is an Antagonist –
inhibitor
Define Receptor?
molecule in the biologic system with which drug molecules interact;
regulatory role
What are the nature of the drugs?
- Synthesized in the body (hormones)
- Chemicals not synthesized in the body
- Poisons – drugs that have exclusively harmful effects
- Toxins – poisons of biologic origin (from plants or animals)
- Drugs may be solid, liquid or gas à determine the best route of administration
- Drug size: MW 100 to MW 1000 à specificity of action
- Drugs interaction with receptors: covalent, electrostatic and hydrophobic bonds
- Drug’s shape is complimentary to that of the receptor site
What are your Drug- Body Interactions?
- Pharmacodynamics
- Pharmacokinetics
What is Pharmacodynamics?
PharmacoDynamics? – actions of the drug on the body
What is Pharmacokinetics –?
actions of the body on the drug
Pharmacodynamic Principles
- Types of Drug-Receptor Interaction
- Agonist – drug binds to and activates receptor à effect
- Full agonist – evoke maximum response
- Partial agonists – do not evoke a great response
- Antagonist – binds to receptor and prevents binding by other molecules
- Agonist – drug binds to and activates receptor à effect
- Duration of drug action is determined
- Length of binding with the receptor
- Desensitization mechanism – prevents excessive activation over prolonged period
- Characteristics of receptors:
- Selective – required to avoid constant activation
- Ability to change its function upon binding – to bring about pharmacologic effect
What is Full agonist – ?
evoke maximum response
What is Partial agonists – ?
do not evoke a great respons
What is Desensitization mechanism –?
** prevents excessive activation** over prolonged period
What are the Characteristics of receptors:
- Selective – required to avoid constant activation
- Ability to change its function upon binding – to bring about pharmacologic effect
Pharmacokinetic Principles
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Elimination
Mechanisms of Permeation
Mechanisms of Permeation
- Aqueous diffusion
- Lipid diffusion
- Special carriers
- Endocytosis and exocytosis
