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Oil > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Who and when did the first oil well drill?

A

In 1859 Edwin Drake.

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2
Q

What is barrel today?

A

Barrel is 159 liters today.

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3
Q

What is GOSP?

A

Gas Oil Separation Plant. Everything after wellheads.

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4
Q

What is that?

A

This is the sucker rod pump or donkey pump. Or beam pump.

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5
Q

What is FPSO?

A

Floating Production, Storage, Offloading. Tanker with wellheads on a turret, could be POSMOR (position mooring - rope connections) or DYNPOS (dynamic positioning - using thrusters). 200-2000 meters deep.

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6
Q

What is TLP?

A

Tension Leg Platform. 2000 meters deep.

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7
Q

What is SPAR?

A

Single tall floating cylinder hull, supporting a fixed deck. Up to 3000 meters deep.

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8
Q

What is a christmas tree?

A

The wellhead structure (mounted at the opening of the well to regulate and monitor the extraction of hydrocarbons), but without the casing head and the tubing head.

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9
Q

What is the standart diameter of pipelines?

A

Pipelines can measure anywhere from 6 to 48 inches in diameter.

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10
Q

What are Pigs? And Pigging?

A

Pigs are intellegent robotic devices that are propelled down pipelines to evaluate the interior of the pipe (cleaning and inspecting the pipeline).

Sending a pig down known as ‘pigging’ the pipeline.

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11
Q

What is the API?

A

American Petroleum Institut. It’s a measure of crude’s specific gravity, or density.

The higher the API number, the less dense (lighter, thinner) the crude.

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12
Q

What is the typical range of crude oil API gravity?

A

7 to 52 corresponding to about 970 kg/m3 to 750 kg/m3. Most fall in the 20 to 45 API gravity range.

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13
Q

What API for crude oil is good?

A

40-45 degree API is good. <35 contains longer and bigger molecules that are not as useful as 40-45.

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14
Q

From which type of well we could get raw natuaral gas?

A

Raw natuaral gas comes from three types of wells: oil wells, gas wells, and condensate wells.

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15
Q

How do we call natural gas that comes from oil well? Is there some types of this gas?

A

Associated gas. It could be free or dissolved (in the crude oil).

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16
Q

Wha t is non-associated gas?

A

Natural gas that comes from gas and condensate wells, if there is little or no crude oil.

17
Q

How do we call energy content in kJ/kg of natural gas?

A

Calorific value / Wobbe index.

18
Q

What is NGL? Is that a waste products?

A

Natural Gas Liquids (associated hydrocarbons). We often remove ethan, propane, butane, and pentanes from natural gas, but they are not a waste products. They can be very valuable: raw materials for oil refineries or petrochemical plants.

19
Q

Which API has a young reservoir? And what is a young reservoire?

A

E.g. 60 million years. Often has heavy crude, less than 20 API.

20
Q

What is the average recovery rate of reservoire?

A

40%, leaving 60% of the hydrocarbons trapped in the reservoire. The best reservoirs with advanced Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) allow up to 70%.

21
Q

What is a cone bit? Which types of bits do you know?

A

A cone bit is used to dig into the rock.

Roller cones with inserts (sharoshecnye), other bits are PDS (polycrystallyne diamond compact, almaznye) and Diamond Impregnated.

22
Q

What is a typical values of force for a bit?

A

50 kN force and a torque of 1-1.5 kNm at 40-80RPM (revolution per minute, oborot v min) for an 8 inch cone.

23
Q

What is directional drilling? When it turns to horizontal?

A

Directional drilling is intentional deviation of a well bore from the vertical.

A well which has sections more than 80 degrees from the vertical is horizontal.

24
Q

What pressure is typical for deep wells?

A

The pressure and temperature generally
increases with increasing depth, so that deep wells can have more than 200 deg C
temperature and 90 MPa pressure (900 times atmospheric pressure).

25
Q

What is a Kill Fluid?

A

A special high density mud used to shut down a well for workover.

26
Q

What types of well casing do we need to put into the well?

A

Conductor casing (20-50 feet long, installed befor main drilling)

Surface casing (100-400m, protects fresh water deposits near the surface of the well from being contaminated by hydrocarbons or salt water)

Intermediate casing (sometimes we use liner strings (that simply attached to the previous casing with hangers) instead of it)

Production casing (oil string, long string, 5 to 28 cm)

27
Q

Where do we use the packer?

A

Between casing and tubing at the bottom of the well.

28
Q

What types of completions do we have?

A

Open hole (most basic, open end without filters)

Conventional perforated (sides with tiny holes, in the past we use ‘bullet perforation’, with really small guns, now ‘jet perforating’ that consists of small electrically ignited charges)

Sand exclusion (for loose sand, open-holed or perforated with screening or filtering systems)

Permanent (the completion and wellhead are assembled and installed only once)

Multiple zone (two or more formations produced simultaneously, without mixing)

Drainhole (like a drain for the hydrocarbons, drilling horizontally)

29
Q

What is in the bottom of the wellhead?

A

Casing head and casing hangers. Several valves and plugs, that gives access to the casing. You know, to determine leaks, or for gas injection.

30
Q

What is the donut?

A

It’s the tubing hanger. Used to position the tubing correctly in the well.

31
Q

Why do we need things like Master Gate Valve?

A

It provides full opening. Must capable of holding the full pressure of the well. Usually fully opened and not controles the flow.

32
Q

How do we call that minimum instrumentation for controlling pressure placed before the wing valve?

A

The pressure gauge.

33
Q

Why do we need the wing valve?

A

When shutting in the well, the wing gate or valve is normally used so that the tubing pressure can be easily read.

34
Q

Why do we need the swab valve?

A

The swab valve is used to gain access to the well for wireline
operations, on top of it is a tree adapter and cap that will mate with various equipment.

35
Q

What is the variable flow choke valve?

A

The variable flow choke valve is typically a large needle valve. Its calibrated opening is adjustable in 1/64 inch increments (called beans).

Could be just a positive choke installed (less expensive).

36
Q

How can we detect injected water breaktrough?

A

We can use radioactive isotopes to detect it.

37
Q

Types of production wells are free flowing and … What else? What all of that mean?

A

Lifted. A free flowing oil well has enough downhole pressure to reach a suitable wellhead production pressure and maintain an acceptable well-flow.

Oil (4 decks)

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