Introduction

Question 0

Map projections

Answer 0

Types of maps. They usually biased.
Mercator: most common and quite distorted in the north, small africa
Hobo-Dryer Equal: North and South can be switched.
Gall-Peters: Africa given appropriate size. Shapes distorted.

Question 1

Cartography

Answer 1

Is the making of maps.

Limitations: Maps are summaries and are inherently disorted.

Question 2

Continental Drift

Answer 2

The slow movement of continents controlled by the process associated with plate tectchonics.

Question 3

Plate Tectonics

Answer 3

Plates are bonded portions of the Earth’s mantle and crust, averaging 60 miles in thickness. More than a dozen such plates exist, most of continental proportions, and they are in motion. Where they meet one slides under the other (subduction), crumpling the surface crust and producing significant volcanic and earthquake activity; a major mountain-building force.

Question 4

Pacific Ring of Fire

Answer 4

Zone of crustal instability along “tectonic plate” boundaries, marked by earthquakes and volcanic activity, that ring the Pacific Ocean Basin.

Question 5

Hydrologic Cycle

Answer 5

How much rain, how often? The system of exchange involving water in its various forms as it continually circulates between the atmosphere, the oceans, and above and below the land surface.

Question 6

Climate

Answer 6

The long-term conditions (over the last 30 years) of aggregate (weather) over a region, summarized by averages and measures of variability; a synthesis of the succession of weather events we have learned to expect at any given location.

Question 7

Climate Change

Answer 7

Natural global warming that has been accelerated by anthropogenic (human-source) causes. Since the Industrial Revolution, we have been emitting gasses that have enhanced nature’s (greenhouse effect) wherein the sun’s radiation becomes trapped in the Earth’s atmosphere.

Question 8

Realms

Answer 8

Each realm is defined in a synthesis of its total human geography — a composite of its leading cultural, economic, historical, political, and appropriate environmental features.

Question 9

Regions

Answer 9

An area on the Earth’s surface marked by specific criteria. Can be formal or functional region.

Question 10

Transition Zones

Answer 10

Where geographic realms meet. Not sharp boundaries, mark contact. It is an area of spatial change where peripheries of two adjacent realm or regions join. Marked by a gradual shift than a sharp break.

Question 11

Functional Region

Answer 11

A region marked less by its sameness then by its dynamic internal structure. Ex: urban centered center of interaction.

Question 12

Formal Region

Answer 12

A type of region marked by a certain degree of homogeneity in one of more phenomona. I.e. japan

Question 13

Hinterland

Answer 13

A term that applies to a surrounding area served by an urban center.

Question 14

What is the world population and surface area?

Answer 14

Current world population: 7.05 billion

Occupying less than 30% of Earth’s surface

Question 15

What are the three major population clusters?

Answer 15

1) East Asia
2) South Asia
3) Europe

Question 16

Why did humans settle in these population clusters?

Answer 16

Major river valleys and coasts.
Agriculturally rich and then later discovery of industrial raw materials.
Rivers used for irrigation and then transportation (shipping).

Question 17

Who has the highest and the lowest fertility rate?

Answer 17

Highest: SubSaharan Africa and MENA realms.
Lowest: Russia, Japan (E Asia), and Europe (Eastern Europe).

Question 18

Cultural landscapes

Answer 18

Cultures and natural landscapes interact with one another… Societies develop cultures that revolve around or reflect their environments.

Question 19

Cultural hearth

Answer 19

Heartland, source area, innovation center; place of origin of a major culture.

Question 20

Source Areas

Answer 20

Areas of the world from which ideas, innovations, and ideologies that changes the world radiated.

Question 21

Centripetal forces

Answer 21

Forces that unite and bind a country together — such as a strong national culture, shared ideological objectives, and a common faith.

Question 22

Centrifugal forces

Answer 22

A term employed to designate forces that tend to divide a country — such as religious, linguistic, and ethnic differences.

Question 23

Nation

Answer 23

A group of tightly knit people possessing bonds of language, ethnicity, religion, and other shared cultural atributes. Examples of stateless nations include Cherokees, Basques, Kurds, Palenstinians, Corsicians, Puerto Ricans, Scots, Chechens, Tibetans, and Qubeccers. Such homogeneity actually prevails within very few states… hence nation-state (Japan).

Question 24

State

Answer 24

Politically organized territory with defined borders and population. Administration by a sovereign government that is not subordinate to another political unit. Recognized by a significant portion of the international community.

Question 25

Nation-State

Answer 25

A state with a population that processes a very high degree of cultural homogeneity and unity.

Question 26

Stateless Nations

Answer 26

A national group that aspires to become a nation-state but lacks territorial means to do so: the Palestinians and Kurds of Southwest Asia are leading examples.

Question 27

Self-Determination

Answer 27

Freedom of the people of a given area to determine their own political status; independence.

Question 28

Development

Answer 28

Gauges a state’s economic, social, and institutional growth and stability.

Question 29

GDP

Answer 29

Gross Domestic Product. The total value of all goods and services produced in a country by that state’s economy during a given year.

Question 30

Gini Coefficient

Answer 30

Statistical formula measuring distribution of wealth within a population.

0. 0 = equatable distribution
1. 0 = completely uneven with one earner taking all
   - Gini scores are rising globally -worse in the developing world.

Question 31

Core-Periphery

Answer 31

Theory that economic power is divided amongst powerful (core) and subordinate (periphery).

• core has and works to keep economic advantage over the periphery in global order (IMF)
• direct power (colonialism) -indirect power (Dependency)
• indebtedness and brain drain are also other factors

Question 32

BRICS States

Answer 32

The end to the core-periphery model? Rise of the developing world. Brazil, Russia, India, China, then South Africa or South Korea

Question 33

What is the population expected to hit in 2050?

Answer 33

10-11 billion. Stabilization zone.