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Abnormal Psych > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

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1
Q

what is Statistical criterion?

A

Extreme deviations from statistical norm. Used in medicine as well – Blood pressure.

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2
Q

what are the problems with statistical criterion

A
  • Where should the cut off be
  • There isn’t a specific number of standard deviations that confirms you have a disorder = It’s Arbitrary
  • There are other negative/positive in excess that are not considered mental disorders. (ex. Excessive greed or pathological happiness).
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3
Q

what is Sociocultural Criterion

A

Unacceptable violations of social or cultural expectations. Patterns of behaviour that society does not except ( Disappeared from the DSM in 1974).

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4
Q

Problems with socioclutural criterion

A
  • Cultural standards vary across time
  • Cultures differ from place to place
  • If disorders are brain-based, they cannot be cultural relative
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5
Q

what did Thomas Szasz argue?

A

agrued that all mental illness is cultural. There are no physical ways to determine the presence of a mental disorder. It is purely based on the interpretation of a pattern of symptoms, which in essence is a social interpretation.

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6
Q

what is the impairment criterion

A

Symptoms impair social, occupational, or other domains of functioning. If any of these areas are impaired than these symptoms deserve a label and should be treated.
(includes harm to self and others)

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7
Q

What are the problems with the impairment criterion

A

• Could someone be dangerous but not impaired and disordered?
- terrorists?
• Who decides who is impaired
• What about altruistic self-sacrifice?
• Being excessively shy can impair you, doesn’t mean you have a disorder

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8
Q

what is the personal distress criterion?

A

Even if symptoms cause no impairment in any area of your life, but you are concerned/bothered by your thoughts and emotion, a mental disorder can be labeled.

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9
Q

what are the problems with personal distress criterion?

A

• What about those dangerous, or detached from reality who are not concerned.
Ex. Someone with schizophrenia
• There are things that DO disturb us but are not considered to be a mental disorder

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10
Q

what is the Medical (biomedical) Model of psychopathy?

A

Abnormality is caused by physical problems in the brain

-basis for pharmacological and physical treatments

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11
Q

what are the candidate disorders of (biomedical) Model of psychopathy?

A

Autism, depression and schizophrenia

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12
Q

what is the Psychodynamic Model?

A

Abnormal thoughts, behaviors, caused by unconscious conflict

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13
Q

what are the candidate disorders of Psychodynamic Model?

A
  • Anxiety Disorders (neurosis)
  • Dissociative Disorders
  • Somatic Symptom Disorders
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14
Q

what is the behavioural model?

A
  • Symptoms are not the result of a disorder they are the disorder
  • Abnormal behavior is acquired by learning then generalized inappropriately
  • Treatment changes reward conditions to produce extinction or relearning
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15
Q

candidate disorders of behavioural model?

A

Anxiety disorders

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16
Q

what is the sociocultural model

A

• Abnormal result from social pressures
-poverty unemployment, etc.
• Higher rates of mental disorder at low socioeconomic levels
• Treat by changing external conditions

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17
Q

Candidate disorders of sociocultural model?

A

anxiety and depression

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18
Q

what are epigenomes?

A

→instructions in the genome tell what it does
→ Chemical markers (epigenomes) attached to our gene
→ Genes important when active
→ which genes got turned
→ Experiences (mother’s womb, home environment) can effect our epigenomes
→ We can follow these changes across 3 generations

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19
Q

• High socioeconomic status (SES) at 2-3 years old, predicts …

A

better gene regulation of inflammation responses in adolescent females
• Low socioeconomic status = high level of pro inflammation

20
Q

• Low childhood SES of parents predicts

A

higher Blood pressure of their children in adolescence

21
Q

• Group housing of rats did what in females and males

A
  • Group housing worsened inflammatory responses for females

* Group housing improved inflammatory responses for males

22
Q

• Self reported targeted rejection in adolescent females at risk for depression increased what?

A

expression of pro-inflammatory genes.

23
Q

What is the cognitive model

A
  • Abnormality results from maladaptive ways of thinking, interpreting
  • Treat by changing ways of thinking through practice and reward (Cognitive-Behavioral therapy)
  • Teaching people to think differently and have alternative ways of interpreting things that happen to us
  • Most popular and successful non-medical treatment
24
Q

Candidate disorders for the cognitive model

A
  • Anxiety disorders (Why are we afraid – because we think certain things are scary)
  • Depression
  • Personality Disorders
25
Q

What year were all the DSMs published?

A

1952, 1968, 1980, 1982, 1994, 2000, 2013

26
Q

what categories were dropped/added to DSM-5?

A
  • Subcategories of schizophrenia are now gone
  • Several Pervasive development Disorders folded into autism spectrum Disorder (ASD)
  • New categories include: Hoarding disorder; Excoriation (skin-Picking) disorder
27
Q

How are disorders organized in the DSM?

A

categories are organized according to symptom similarity NOT cause

28
Q

Which DSM received criticism for having a psychodynamic interpretation

A

DSM I

29
Q

Medicine diagnosis based on?

A

causes

30
Q

Is socially deviant behaviour grounds for a mental disorder?

A

NO - political, religious

31
Q

What are some criticisms of the DSM approach?

A

→ Assume similar symptoms are resulting from a similar disorder
→Treats disorders as discrete entities, not as points on a continuum.
→ Criteria leads to ‘fads’ in diagnosis
→ Labeling biases all subsequent diagnosis and treatment
→ No known relation between DSM categories and causes of disorders

32
Q

What is the comorbidity problem?

A

If you meet the criteria for any one of the disorder categories in the DSM chances are 80% that you will also make the criteria for another disorder in the DSM
• You can be comorbid for up to 4 disorders
ie. People are often comorbid for Anxiety and Depression

33
Q

The ‘not otherwise Specified’ problem?

A

the symptoms do not meet the other subcategories of that disorder. Basically saying “there is no label for this”

34
Q

Straddled category problem?

A

Diagnosis that cross the borders between two categories but don’t satisfy the requirements for either

35
Q

what % of the population uses drugs for a psychiatric disorder?

A

20%

36
Q

Necessary vs. sufficient cause

A

→ If some cause (A) is always followed by some effect (B), we can say A is a sufficient cause of B
→ Now suppose ONLY if (A) is present do we get (B), we say A is Necessary and sufficient

37
Q

What conditions are necessary and which are sufficient according to the diathesis stress model

A
  • Both stress and predisposition are necessary but not sufficiant
38
Q

what is a low level of environmental sensitivity?

A

regardless of what happens around them they are unaffected
o No matter how many environmental variables surround them their level of functioning will probably stay generally stable

39
Q

High level of environmental susceptibility?

A

more effected by what happens around them

o If there are negative environmental variables individuals will have a very low level of functioning

40
Q

how does the susceptibility to environmental stimuli differ from the diathesis stress model?

A

In environmental model above average environment leads to above average functioning, whereas in diathesis it just leads to normal

41
Q

Children did _____ than average when discipline is consistent and ____ then average when it is inconsistent – supports _______________model

A

Better, worse, environmental suceptibility

42
Q

lWhat did foley at al find about Conduct disorder?

A

less conduct disorder when there was low childhood adversity - environmental susceptibility

43
Q

What was discovered about the short alleles of serotonin which caused increased risk of depression?

A

1) best response under low levels of stress,

2) most depression after poor early environment and least when they had a supportive environment

44
Q

Abnormal EEG in individuals with social Anxiety disorder (SAD) returns to normal after?

A

behavioral therapy.

45
Q

Higher right side EEG to trauma-related pictures in PTSD reduced after

A

CBT

46
Q

The first North American attempt to classify mental disorders occurred

A

in the U.S. census of 1880, which distinguished just seven categories of mental illness.

Abnormal Psych (8 decks)

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