Introduction

Question 1

medical device

Answer 1

apparatus for diagnosis/therapy that does not attain its primary purpose through chemical action

Question 2

diagnosis

Answer 2

identification of the nature and cause of disease

Question 3

Mitigation

Answer 3

alleviation of the course of a disease

Question 4

therapy

Answer 4

treatment of a disease

Question 5

prevention

Answer 5

interposition of an obstacle to a disease

Question 6

Medical instrument

Answer 6

medical device that makes measurements

Question 7

Describe flow chart of medical instrument

Answer 7

Patient -> Transducer -> Display

Question 8

what is an isolation/isolater

Answer 8

patient isolation is positioned before or after the sensor to prevent the patient from receiving an electric shock

Question 9

What is analogue

Answer 9

continious signal, no computer involved. ex// voice, sound waves

Question 10

What is digital

Answer 10

takes measurements of analogue signal and converts it to digital data

Question 11

Analogue prefilter

Answer 11

makes signals (like music or other info) cleaner before they process or use them

Question 12

what is ADC

Answer 12

analogue to digital converter, makes analogue signal readable for machines

Question 13

digital filter

Answer 13

filters out wanted digital measurements

Question 14

Downsampling

Answer 14

reduces the number of data points by skipping some, making the data smaller or simpler

Question 15

Input dynamic range

Answer 15

a device is only sensitive to a specific range of input AMPLITUDES. If a signal is too small, It will be missed. It it too big, it will be clipped

Question 16

What is frequency response

Answer 16

a device is only sensitive to a specific range of input FREQUENCIES. If a signal frequency is too low, It will not be heard. It it too high, it will not be heard.

Question 17

what is accuracy in measrements

Answer 17

the closeness of the measured values to the true value, taking into consideration both precision and bias

Question 18

What is bias in making measurements

Answer 18

the difference between the mean measured values and the true values

Question 19

what is the precision aspect of making measurements

Answer 19

the standard deviation of the measurements

Question 20

Describe high accuracy, high precision on bullseye

Answer 20

all spots together in middle of bulleyes

Question 21

Describe low accuracy, high precision on bullseye chart

Answer 21

all spots together, far from the bulleye middle

Question 22

Describe high accuracy, low precision on bullseye chart

Answer 22

spots far apart, close to bullseye middle

Question 23

Describe low accuracy, low precision on bullseye chart

Answer 23

spots far apart, far from bullseye middle

Question 24

What are the 4 types of sensors

Answer 24

1. surface electrodes
2. pressure sensors
3. thermistors
4. photodiodes

Question 25

what are surface electrodes + what are they made of

Answer 25

sensor that converts ionic current in body to electrical current. occurs through the creation of a double layer of charge at the electrode-electrolyte interface (electrode-metal, electrolyte - goo) Usually uses KCl

Question 26

Describe the 3 lead placement of ECG and describe why each lead is placed where it is

Answer 26

RA - RED near right shoulder LA: YELLOW near left shoulder LL: GREEN lower left side RA to LA covers whats going on between two arms (heartbeat) and LL captures whats common to everything (tells us what to filter out)

Question 27

Describe pressure sensor

Answer 27

we wish to measure mechanical action changes in the body as pressure in mmHg

Question 28

what is thermister

Answer 28

a thermal resistor that is used to measure temperature

Question 29

what is photodiode

Answer 29

light detector that use used to measure changes in light waves that have interacted with the body (ex//fitbit LEDs)

Question 30

What is quantization

Answer 30

a computer w more storage is able to store more bit allowing for more colour and detail in the data. more bit = more detail=more expensive

Question 31

what is max frequency for humans

Answer 31

40k

Question 32

what is sampling

Answer 32

when converting analog signal to digital, the signal needs to be sampled. ec//listening to music and writing down amp of every sound

Question 33

What is nyquist sampling theorem

Answer 33

sampling frequency = 2(fmax)

Question 34

Describe some of the risks of using an AI for diagnosis.

Answer 34

AI in medical diagnosis poses risks such as misdiagnosis, bias, lack of explainability, over-reliance by doctors, data privacy concerns, legal uncertainty, and ethical issues, which can impact patient safety and trust.

Question 35

describe what is meant by an AI being a "black-box."

Answer 35

A "black-box" AI is a system that makes decisions without providing clear explanations, making it difficult to understand or trust its reasoning.