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History, Revolution And Dictatorship-Russia > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the population growth of the Caspian Sea region between 1867 and 1917?

A

From 7 to 28 million

The population grew significantly during this period.

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2
Q

What changes occurred in the countryside regarding peasants during this time?

A

Peasants were given more opportunities to buy land and develop larger farms

This was part of a broader agricultural reform.

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3
Q

By what percentage did peasant ownership of land increase?

A

50 percent

This reflects significant changes in land tenure.

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4
Q

How many peasants were noted to have come from overpopulated rural districts?

A

3.5 million

This movement contributed to urban agricultural growth.

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5
Q

What was the main agricultural system that persisted in Russia?

A

Inefficient strip-farming

This method hindered productivity.

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6
Q

True or False: Workers in Russia experienced significant political advancements during this period.

A

False

Economic changes were not matched by political advancements.

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7
Q

What was the social structure of Russia like prior to 1861?

A

Serfdom was the defining structure

Peasants were at the bottom of the social hierarchy.

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8
Q

When did serfs finally acquire their freedom in Russia?

A

1861

This marked a significant change in social status.

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9
Q

What was the size of the Russian Empire?

A

Roughly 8 million square miles

This is about twice the size of Europe.

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10
Q

What percentage of the population in Russia was ethnically Russian by 1917?

A

Less than half

This highlights the diversity within the empire.

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11
Q

What geographical challenges affected Russia’s economic development?

A

Large swathes of inhospitable land, tundra, forests, and barren areas

These factors limited agricultural and economic growth.

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12
Q

Who was the head of the Russian government in 1917?

A

The Tsar

He ruled without a parliament.

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13
Q

Fill in the blank: The Tsar was the _______ of all land in Russia.

A

owner

This reflects the autocratic nature of his rule.

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14
Q

What was the state of public health in Russia during this period?

A

Poor

Public health improvements were inadequate.

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15
Q

What were the living conditions of workers in Russia like?

A

Often unsafe, with shared barracks and lodgings

This contributed to social unrest.

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16
Q

What was Russia’s rank in industrial power by 1917?

A

Fifth largest industrial power

After Britain, USA, Germany, and France.

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17
Q

How many factories and workers were there in Russia by 1917?

A

Approximately 25,000 factories employing around 3 million workers.

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18
Q

By how much did the urban population of the Russian Empire grow between 1867 and 1917?

A

Quadrupled from 7 to 28 million.

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19
Q

What was the population of St Petersburg by 1916?

A

2.4 million.

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20
Q

What improvements were made in communications in Russia before 1914?

A

Improvements in roads and railways.

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21
Q

What opportunity was given to peasants after 1905?

A

More opportunities to leave the mirs (communes).

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22
Q

What percentage of hereditary peasant ownership had increased by 1915?

A

Increased from 20% in 1905 to nearly 50%.

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23
Q

How many peasants were encouraged to move to Siberia?

A

3.5 million peasants.

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24
Q

What was the percentage of peasant holdings that had moved beyond traditional strip-farming by 1914?

A

Around 10%.

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25
Q

What social class grew due to industrial and agricultural changes?

A

A frustrated middle class and an urban working class.

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26
Q

True or False: Trade unions were completely banned in Russia before World War I.

A

False.

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27
Q

What incident occurred during the Lena River strike in 1912?

A

Government troops fired on striking workers, killing 200.

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28
Q

How many strikes occurred in Russia in 1913?

A

Over 2000 strikes.

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29
Q

What class of peasants emerged as a result of agricultural reforms?

A

Kulaks.

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30
Q

What major issue did the peasantry face until 1916?

A

No form of income tax; burden of taxation fell on them.

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31
Q

Which countries did not have a parliament until 1905?

A

Russia (except Turkey and Montenegro).

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32
Q

What type of government did Russia have in 1917?

A

An autocracy headed by a tsar.

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33
Q

What is the definition of ‘autocracy’?

A

Rule by one person with no limits to his power.

34
Q

What does ‘divine right’ refer to?

A

A monarch appointed by God, answerable to God alone.

35
Q

What is the Eastern Orthodox Church’s spiritual capital?

A

Moscow.

36
Q

What is bureaucracy?

A

The state’s administrative officials

Bureaucracy refers to the complex structure of government agencies and officials responsible for implementing policies and regulations.

37
Q

What does the term ‘Okhrana’ refer to?

A

The secret police force of the Russian Empire

The name comes from the initial letters of its full title - the Department for Protecting Public Security and Order.

38
Q

What event sparked the 1905 revolution in Russia?

A

Russia’s catastrophic defeat in the war with Japan

The defeat highlighted the weaknesses of the Tsarist regime and led to widespread unrest.

39
Q

What was ‘Bloody Sunday’?

A

The massacre of workers peacefully marching to the Tsar’s Winter Palace in January 1905

This event marked a significant turning point in public sentiment against the Tsar.

40
Q

Define ‘zemstva’.

A

Elected councils responsible for the local administration of provincial districts

Zemstva were established to give localities some control over their affairs.

41
Q

What is socialism?

A

A political and economic theory believing that the means of production should be controlled by the community

This theory advocates for collective ownership and egalitarian distribution of resources.

42
Q

What is a constitutional monarchy?

A

A form of democratic government where a monarch acts within the boundaries of a constitution

In this system, real power is held by a representative assembly.

43
Q

What was the Tsar’s response to the pressure from opposition groups after the 1905 revolution?

A

The October Manifesto promised an elected representative assembly or State Duma

This concession aimed to appease moderate factions like the Kadets and Octobrists.

44
Q

What were the Fundamental Laws issued by the Tsar in 1906?

A

They reaffirmed the Tsar’s autocracy and limited the Duma’s powers

The laws made it clear that the Duma had no control over state ministers or the budget.

45
Q

Who were the Liberals during the 1905 revolution?

A

Groups that favored moderate reform and constitutional monarchy

Included the Constitutional Democrats (Kadets), the Octobrists, and the Progressives.

46
Q

What was the Social Revolutionary Party (SRs)?

A

A party formed in 1901 aiming to improve the position of the peasantry

It faced internal divisions and included both moderate and extreme elements.

47
Q

What was the main ideology of the All-Russian Social Democrat Labour Party (SDs)?

A

Based on the theories of Karl Marx and focused on the industrial working class

The party sought to represent the proletariat and aimed for a socialist revolution.

48
Q

Fill in the blank: Marx believed that history was driven by _______.

A

[economic conditions]

49
Q

List the six stages of Marxist stage theory.

A
  • Stage 1: Primitive communism
  • Stage 2: Slavery
  • Stage 3: Feudalism
  • Stage 4: Capitalism
  • Stage 5: Socialism
  • Stage 6: Communism

Each stage represents a different mode of production and class struggle.

50
Q

Who was Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin)?

A

A leader of the Bolshevik faction and key figure in the Russian Revolution

Lenin was influenced by Marxism and worked to develop a revolutionary party structure.

51
Q

What was the purpose of Lenin’s work ‘What is to be done?’?

A

To argue for a re-direction of the workers’ movement towards revolution

Lenin emphasized the need for a strong party to lead the working class.

52
Q

True or False: The Social Democrats (SDs) were united in their approach and strategies.

A

False

The SDs faced challenges due to internal divisions and differing strategies among factions.

53
Q

Who was Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov?

A

A Russian revolutionary leader known as Lenin, who played a key role in the Bolshevik movement.

Lenin’s activities brought him to the attention of the secret police, leading to his exile and later significant influence in the Russian Revolution.

54
Q

What were the main factions in the Russian Social Democratic Party after the 1903 split?

A

Bolsheviks and Mensheviks

The split was primarily between Lenin’s faction, seeking a strong, disciplined organization, and Martov’s faction, which favored a broader party with mass working-class membership.

55
Q

What is the Marxist stage theory?

A

A theory that history is composed of a series of class struggles through distinct stages:
* Stage 1: Hunter-gatherers
* Stage 2: Imperialism
* Stage 3: Feudalism
* Stage 4: Capitalism
* Stage 5: Socialism
* Stage 6: Communism

Each stage represents a shift in economic conditions and social structures.

56
Q

What characterizes Stage 1 of Marx’s stage theory?

A

No classes or private property

This stage refers to the time of hunter-gatherers, where communal living was prevalent.

57
Q

What occurs in Stage 4 of Marx’s stage theory?

A

Capitalism, where merchants and the bourgeoisie exploit the proletariat.

This stage marks the point where the capitalist class gains political control.

58
Q

What is the goal of Stage 5 in Marx’s stage theory?

A

Workers take control in a dictatorship of the proletariat, sharing resources according to need.

This stage aims to establish a more equitable distribution of goods and services.

59
Q

What is the ultimate goal of Stage 6 in Marx’s stage theory?

A

Communism, where all join together for the common good and money and states are no longer needed.

In this stage, competition and wars would cease.

60
Q

What significant work did Karl Marx co-author in 1848?

A

The Communist Manifesto

This document outlined the principles of communism and called for the working class to rise against capitalist structures.

61
Q

What was the title of Lenin’s 1902 pamphlet advocating for revolutionary action?

A

‘What is to be done?’

In this pamphlet, Lenin argued that the Party needed to redirect workers from trade unionism to revolution.

62
Q

True or False: Julius Martov favored working through trade unions and cooperatives.

A

True

Martov believed in gradual change through established structures rather than violent revolution.

63
Q

What was the significance of the newspaper Iskra?

A

It was a revolutionary newspaper founded by Lenin to promote the Bolshevik agenda.

Iskra, meaning ‘Spark’, played a crucial role in disseminating revolutionary ideas.

64
Q

Fill in the blank: Karl Marx published the first volume of _______ in 1867.

A

Das Kapital

This work critiques political economy and capitalism.

65
Q

What was the relationship between Marx and Engels?

A

They collaborated on The Communist Manifesto and were close associates.

Engels supported Marx’s theories and contributed significantly to socialist thought.

66
Q

What happened to the Mensheviks after the October Revolution in 1917?

A

They were banned in 1918 and excluded from the Bolshevik government.

This marked a significant consolidation of power by the Bolsheviks.

67
Q

What was the significant event that occurred on Bloody Sunday in January 1905?

A

A massacre that led to revolutionary upheavals

This event marked a critical turning point in Russian history, igniting widespread discontent and calls for reform.

68
Q

What did the Tsar’s October Manifesto authorize in October 1905?

A

Elections to a State Duma

The State Duma was intended to be a legislative assembly, although its powers were limited.

69
Q

What did the Fundamental Laws reaffirm in 1906?

A

The autocracy

These laws clarified the Tsar’s powers and limited the influence of the Duma.

70
Q

What type of reform was attempted between 1906 and 1911?

A

Agrarian reform

This reform aimed to address the grievances of peasants but faced numerous challenges.

71
Q

What event in 1912 led to renewed industrial unrest?

A

Lena Gold Fields Massacre

This incident highlighted the growing tensions between workers and the government.

72
Q

What major global conflict began in 1914?

A

First World War

The war created significant strain on Russian society and its economy.

73
Q

What was a constant struggle in Russia leading up to 1917?

A

Struggle between progress and political control

This struggle involved balancing modernization with the need to maintain autocratic control.

74
Q

What was the effect of rapid urbanization on workers in early 20th century Russia?

A

Escalation of workers’ discontent

Rapid urbanization led to poor living and working conditions, increasing calls for reform.

75
Q

What happened to radical leaders after 1917?

A

They were forced into exile

Despite this, there was still significant unrest among peasants and workers.

76
Q

What significant change occurred in Russia’s calendar system in February 1918?

A

Adoption of the Gregorian calendar

This change aligned Russia with the rest of Europe in terms of date recognition.

77
Q

Fill in the blank: In 1918, Russia was _____ days behind Europe.

A

13

This discrepancy was due to the use of the Julian calendar prior to the switch.

78
Q

True or False: The radical groups in Russia were effectively suppressed by the moderate liberals before 1917.

A

False

Radical movements gained momentum due to widespread dissatisfaction with the autocracy.

79
Q

What were the two revolutions in Russia characterized by?

A

Demands for modernization and political control

The revolutions reflected the conflict between the needs of a modernizing society and the desires for political freedom.

80
Q

What did the greater concessions from successive governments lead to?

A

Louder voices demanding more

This created a cycle of demands that the government struggled to satisfy.

History, Revolution And Dictatorship-Russia (5 decks)

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