INTRODUCTION Flashcards
- Study of the biological effects of the
chemicals. - Focus on how chemicals act on living
organism.
pharmacology
sources of drugs
natural
synthetic
types of natural drugs
plants
animal products
inorganic compounds
Leaves of EUCALYPTUS give oil of
EUCALYPTUS, which is important of
cough syrup
ATROPA BELLADONNA gives ATROPINE
which is
anticholinergic (block action of acetylcholine)
POPPY PAPAVER SOMNIFERUM gives
morphine
SENNA POD gives ANTHRACINE, which is
a
purgative (constipation)
CALABAR BEANS give PHYSOSTIGMINE ,
which is
cholinomimetic agent (for PNS stimulation)
Seeds of NUX VOMICA give
STRYCHNINE, which is
CNS stimulant
IPECACUANHA ROOT gives EMETINE,
used to induce
vomiting in accidental poisoning
RAUWOLFIA SERPENTINA gives
RESERPINE, a
hypotensive agent
CINCHONA BARK gives QUINNE AND
QUINIDINE, which are
antimalarial drugs
HYOSCYAMUS NIGER gives HYOSCINE ,
which is
anticholinergic
CHONDRODENDRON TOMENTOSUM
gives TUBOQURARINE, which is
skeletal muscle relaxant used in general anesthesia
is used as a source of vitamin A
and D
cod liver
suspensions of killed, modified, or
attenuated microorganisms
vaccines
- Antacid to decrease gastric acidity
- Management of hyperphosphatemia
- Prevention of the formation of phosphate urinary stones
aluminum
Prevention of dental caries
fluorine as fluoride
Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis
gold salts
Treatment of iron deficiency anemia
iron
emetine bismuth iodide
treatment of amoebic dysentry (Dysentery is a gastrointestinal disease. Its causes include bacterial or parasitic infections.)
Test on laboratory animals
(a) to determine whether they have the
presumed effects in living tissue
(b) to evaluate any adverse effects
pre-clinical trials
- Test on healthy human volunteers (healthy young men)
- Are tightly controlled that pre-clinical trials and are performed by specially trained clinical investigators ; look for adverse effects and toxicity
phase 1
anti-hypertensive
drug was __ found to be effective in
treating malignant hypertension, but it
causes unusual hair growth on the
palms and other body areas
minoxidil
- Trials with people who have the disease
which drug is thought to be effective - Patients are told about the possible benefit about the drug and are invited to
participate in the study
phase 2
- Use drug in vast clinical market for
surveillance of drug’s therapeutic effects - Prescribers are informed of all the known reactions to the drug and precautions required for its safe use
phase 3
FDA continually evaluates drugs in the
market
* Prescribers are obligated to report to the FDA any untoward or unexpected adverse effects associated with the drugs they are using
* The FDA continually evaluates this
information
phase 4
regulates the development and sale of
drugs
FDA
the drug __ (sulfanilamide)
was distributed in a vehicle of Ethelyn
Glycol which was toxic to humans
ELIXIR
the drug __, sleeping
aid by pregnant women, many babies
were born with limp deformities
THALOMID
Adequate studies in pregnant women have not demonstrated a risk to the fetus in the first trimester of pregnancy, and there is no evidence of risk in later trimesters.
levothyroxine, folic acid, magnesium sulfate
category A
Animal studies have not demonstrated a
risk to the fetus but there are no adequate studies in pregnant women, or animal studies have shown an adverse effect, but adequate studies in pregnant women have not demonstrated a risk to the fetus during the first trimester of pregnancy, and there is no evidence of risk in later trimesters.
* Metformin, hydrochlorothiazide,
cyclobenzaprine, amoxicillin
category B
- Animal studies have shown an adverse
effect on the fetus but there are no
adequate studies in humans; the benefits from the use of the drug in pregnant women may be acceptable despite its potential risks, or there are no animal reproduction studies and no adequate studies in humans. - tramadol, gabapentin, amlodipine,
prednisone
category C
There is evidence of human fetal risk, but
the potential benefits from the use of the
drug in pregnant women may be
acceptable despite its potential risks.
* Lisinopril, alprazolam, losartan,
clonazepam
category D
- Studies in animals or humans demonstrate fetal abnormalities or adverse reaction; reports indicate evidence of fetal risk. The
risk of use in a pregnant woman clearly
outweighs any possible benefit. - Atorvastatin, simvastatin, warfarin,
methotrexate
category X
responsible for the enforcement of these
regulations (controlled substances
DEA (drug enforcement agency)
are chemicals that are
produced by companies involved solely in the manufacturing of drugs because they don’t have the research, advertising or sometimes the quality control departments that pharmaceutical companies have
generic drugs
useful in treating a rare disease or they may have potentially dangerous adverse effects
orphan drugs
How the drugs affect the body
* Study of drug mechanisms that produce biochemical or physiologic
changes in the body.
* Science dealing with interactions between the chemical components of living systems and the foreign chemicals including drugs that enter those systems
pharmacodynamics
Interaction at the cellular level between a
drug and cellular components
drug action
Reacts with certain chemicals to cause an effect within the cell
agonist
Reacts with receptor sites but block normal stimulation producing no effect
competitive antagonist
Reacts with specific receptor sites on a cell and , by reacting there, prevent the
reaction of another chemical with a
different receptor site on that cell
noncompetitive antagonist
